31 March 2023, Volume 34 Issue 1

    

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  Advances in Polar Science. 2023, 34(1): 0.

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  Advances in Polar Science 

   Contents Vol. 34  No. 1  March  2023

  Opinion Editorial 

  Constraining the timing of West Antarctic Ice Sheet changes using East Antarctic ice cores 1

  YAN Yuzhen

  Review 

  Temporal and spatial variation characteristics of Antarctic sea ice and the causes of its record decline during 2015–2016: a review 5

  YANG Yingyue, LIU Hailong & WANG Xidong  

  Articles 

  Physical-chemical and biological control of the zooplankton community in the Amundsen Sea, Antarctica  17

  CHEN He, LI Haibo, ZHAO Jun, LI Dong, WAN Jun & YANG Guang  

   

  The roles of phosphate in shaping the structure and dynamics of Antarctic soil microbiomes

  28

  TAN Jiankang, CAO Huansheng, LIU Li, QIN Yiling, LIU Feng, John CAVA, YIN Xiaofei, SHEN Jihong & WANG Nengfei

   

  Development potential of the Northeast Passage based on a multinomial-logit-based stochastic user equilibrium model 45

  ZHOU Xuelian & HU Maixiu

   

  An assessment of China’s participation in polar subregional organizations 56

  SHAN Yanyan, HE Jianfeng, GUO Peiqing & HE Liu  

  Announcement

  Eleven “Opinion Editorials” were published since its introduction 66

   

  Cover picture: The zooplankton community in Amundsen Sea (paper by Chen et al., page 17; original photoes by CUI Xiangbin and YANG Guang) 

  
  
Opinion Editorials
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  Constraining the timing of West Antarctic Ice Sheet changes using East Antarctic ice cores 

  YAN Yuzhen

  Advances in Polar Science. 2023, 34(1): 1-4. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2023.0003

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Reviews
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  Temporal and spatial variation characteristics of Antarctic sea ice and the causes of its record decline during 2015–2016: a review 

  YANG Yingyue, LIU Hailong & WANG Xidong

  Advances in Polar Science. 2023, 34(1): 5-16. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2022.0022

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  Satellite observations over the past four decades have shown that the long-term trend of Antarctic sea ice extent (SIE) is opposite to the trend of sea ice extent in the Arctic. Arctic sea ice extent continues to decline while Antarctic SIE is generally on the rise except for a dramatic decline in 2015–2016. Based on the 40-year climatology from 1981 to 2020, Antarctic SIE anomaly in December 2016 is –2.1×10⁶ km², reaching the minimum since 1979. There are many studies on the cause of this record decline. This present review summarizes the spatial and temporal characters of Antarctic sea ice and recaps major findings on the causes of record decline in 2015–2016 from the perspective of direct thermodynamic and dynamic process of atmosphere and ocean as well as the modulation of climate modes. Finally, the challenges and key scientific problems to be solved in the future of Antarctic sea ice research are presented.
Articles
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  Physical-chemical and biological control of the zooplankton community in the Amundsen Sea, Antarctica

  CHEN He, LI Haibo, ZHAO Jun, LI Dong, WAN Jun& YANG Guang

  Advances in Polar Science. 2023, 34(1): 17-27. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2022.0055

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  Zooplankton are critical components of the Southern Ocean ecosystems, acting as trophic links between phytoplankton and higher-level species. The composition, abundance, carbon biomass, and community structure of zooplankton were studied based on samples collected with a Norpac net (330-µm mesh, 0.5-m2 net mouth) during the austral summers of 2017/2018. Three communities in a latitudinal gradient were identified based on both a zooplankton abundance dataset and a biomass dataset. Zooplankton were mainly dominated by small copepods (e.g., Oithona similis and Ctenocalanus citer) in terms of abundance, while the total zooplankton biomass was dominated by krill (Euphausia superba and Thysanoessa macrura) and large copepods (e.g., Calanoides acutus, Calanus propinquus, and Metridia gerlachei). Redundancy analysis demonstrated that environmental factors (e.g., temperature, nitrate, dissolved oxygen, ammonium) accounted for more than 40% of the variance in zooplankton abundance/biomass. This indicates that physical processes significantly affect the zooplankton community. Meanwhile, a significant positive correlation was found between the abundance/biomass of zooplankton and that of dominant phytoplankton and ciliates, which suggests trophic links among various plankton functional groups. Our results reveal that both physical processes and biological factors shape the community structure of zooplankton in the Amundsen Sea.
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  The roles of phosphate in shaping the structure and dynamics of Antarctic soil microbiomes

  TAN Jiankang, CAO Huansheng, LIU Li, QIN Yiling, LIU Feng, John CAVA, YIN Xiaofei, SHEN Jihong & WANG Nengfei

  Advances in Polar Science. 2023, 34(1): 28-44. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2022.0024

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  One major consequence of global warming in the Antarctic region is increased ice-free zones. Subsequent colonization of these ice-free areas by penguins alters their biogeochemistry, with one prominent example being elevation of inorganic phosphate concentrations around feces depositions. The complex soil biochemistry in the region makes it difficult to define the causal factors of these changes using common research approaches. Here, we addressed the effects of phosphate alone on microbiome structure and dynamics over time by adding external phosphate to selected soils in the Antarctic region. We then analyzed the soil bacterial community composition and diversity using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and compared these data with phosphate levels. Parallel geochemical analysis revealed changes in nine soil geochemical factors upon phosphate addition, all of which were relevant to microbiome structure, with soil pH showing the highest correlation. Links between geochemical factors and composition were identified, as were interactions between bacterial taxa. Additionally, Sphingobacteriia, Sphingobacteriales and Chitinophagaceae were found to be more abundant in phosphate-treated soils. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed significantly increased levels of associations in all major network properties over time after phosphate supplementation. Therefore, we conclude phosphate addition has diverse effects on Antarctic soil microbiomes.
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  Development potential of the Northeast Passage based on a multinomial-logit-based stochastic user equilibrium model 

  ZHOU Xuelian & HU Maixiu

  Advances in Polar Science. 2023, 34(1): 45-55. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2022.0056

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  We developed a multinomial-logit-based stochastic user equilibrium (MNL SUE) model incorporating time value of cargo to investigate future proportions of cargo flow through the Northeast Passage (NEP) and the Suez Canal Route between representative ports. We studied navigation during the ice-free and ice-covered seasons using sea ice projections for 2070 based on 1991–2021 NEP ice data. Sailing distance and time between selected ports are lower via the NEP than the Suez Canal Route. Under the scenario of year-round operation of the NEP, the proportion of cargo flow through the NEP is estimated to be 68.5%, which represents considerable commercial potential. Proportions are higher for the ice-free season and for ports at high latitudes. We also assessed flow under different scenarios. Under the scenario of fuel price increase, proportion of flow through the NEP in the ice-covered season is expected to increase. If time value is ignored, flow through the NEP is expected to increase all year round. If shippers become more cost-conscious, flow through the NEP is also expected to increase.
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  An assessment of China’s participation in polar subregional organizations 

  SHAN Yanyan, HE Jianfeng, GUO Peiqing & HE Liu

  Advances in Polar Science. 2023, 34(1): 56-65. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2022.0023

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  International cooperation is vital for the polar regions. China’s past polar cooperation has tended to focus on intergovernmental and bilateral mechanisms rather than regional cooperation. However, regional and subregional cooperation is playing an increasing role in the polar regions with the rapid development of geopolitics and global climate change. Involvement in three subregional polar organizations—the Asian Forum for Polar Sciences (AFoPS), the Pacific Arctic Group (PAG), and the China-Nordic Arctic Research Center (CNARC)—in the last two decades reflects China’s improved skills and flexibility in participating in international polar cooperation and represents an exercise in the “win-win” principle under China’s Arctic policy. This paper presents a review of the development of polar subregional cooperation, examines China’s participation in three of subregional organizations and provides feasible suggestions for China’s future engagement with these organizations.
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  Announcements

  Advances in Polar Science. 2023, 34(1): 66-66.

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