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Advances in Polar Science
Contents Vol. 33 No. 3 September 2022
Opinion Editorial
Some thoughts on the development of polar microbial resources
WANG Nengfei
Articles
Meteorological and sea ice anomalies in the western Arctic Ocean during the 2018–2019 ice season: a Lagrangian study
LEI Ruibo, ZHANG Fanyi & ZHAI Mengxi
Evaluation of Arctic sea ice simulation of CMIP6 models from China
LI Jiaqi, WANG Xiaochun, WANG Ziqi, ZHAO Liqing & WANG Jin
Concentration maxima of methane in the bottom waters over the Chukchi Sea shelf: implication of its biogenic source
LI Yuhong, ZHANG Jiexia, YE Wangwang, JIN Haiyan, ZHUANG Yanpei & ZHAN Liyang
Spatial variability of δ18O and δ2H in North Pacific and Arctic Oceans surface seawater
LI Zhiqiang, DING Minghu, WANG Yetang, DU Zhiheng & DOU Tingfeng
Variability of size-fractionated chlorophyll a in the high-latitude Arctic Ocean in summer 2020
CAI Ting, HAO Qiang, BAI Youcheng, LAN Musheng, HE Jianfeng & CHEN Jianfang
Dissolved nutrient distributions in the Antarctic Cosmonaut Sea in austral summer 2021
HUANG Wenhao, YANG Xufeng, ZHAO Jun, LI Dong & PAN Jianming
Population size and distribution of seabirds in the Cosmonaut Sea, Southern Ocean
LIN Zixuan, LIU Meijun, YAN Denghui, GAO Kai, LIU Xiangwan & DENG Wenhong
Announcements
One special issue will be published in September 2023
“Opinion Editorial” category attracts more attention
Cover picture: South polar skua, rested near the Zhongshan Station in Prydz Bay (paper by Lin et al., page 291; photo by DENG Wenhong)
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Polar microorganism resource development can be accomplished as long as its inherent characteristics, that is, biota quantity, diversity, and low temperature adaptability, as well as market demands and product feasibility, are considered.
Note: Queries and discussions on this article should be made by E-mail directly with the corresponding author.
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In recent decades, the Arctic climate and sea ice are changing rapidly, with close coupling mechanisms between them. Here, based on one-year drifting trajectories of eight sea ice mass balance buoys deployed from the marginal ice zone to the pack ice zone in the western Arctic Ocean (~ 160°–170°W and 79°–85°N) during August 2018, we use atmospheric reanalysis data and remote-sensed products to identify the anomalies of meteorological and sea ice conditions during the buoy operation year of 2018–2019 relative to the climatology. The temporary collapse of the Beaufort High and the strengthened positive polarity of the Arctic Dipole during the winter of 2018–2019 drove three buoys in the north drifting gradually to the northeast and merging into the Transpolar Drift Stream. Along these buoy’s trajectories, the most prominent warming anomalies was observed in autumn, early winter and April of 2018–2019 compared to the 1979–2019 climatology, especially in the south of the study region, which was related to the seasonal and spatial patterns of heat release from the Arctic ice-ocean system to the atmosphere. During the buoy operation year, the sea ice concentration in the south and in autumn was relatively high compared to that in the recent 10 years, but no obvious anomalies have been identified for other regions and seasons. The sea ice thickness in the freezing season and the snow depth by the end of winter of 2018–2019 also can be considered normal. Although the wind speed in 2018–2019 was slightly lower than that in 1979–2019, the speed of sea ice drift and its ratio to wind speed were significantly increased compared to the climatology. In 2019, the sea ice surface began to melt since the end of June, which was close to the 1988–2019 average. However, its spatial pattern was opposite to the climatology, which can be explained by the prevalence of high-pressure system in the south of Beaufort in June 2019. In addition to seasonal variations, the meteorological and sea ice anomalies were also influenced by the spatial differences. By the end of summer 2019, the buoy drifted to the region west of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, so the ice condition didn’t return to the level of early September 2018. The meteorological and sea ice anomalies identified in this study can give important supports for the subsequent analysis and simulations of sea ice mass balance based on the buoy data.
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Nine coupled climate models from China participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) were evaluated in terms of their capability in ensemble historical Arctic sea ice simulation in the context of 56 CMIP6 models. We evaluated these nine models using satellite observations from 1980 to 2014. This evaluation was conducted comprehensively using 12 metrics covering different aspects of the seasonal cycle and long-term trend of sea ice extent (SIE) and sea ice concentration (SIC). The nine Chinese models tended to overestimate SIE, especially in March, and underestimate its long-term decline trend. There was less spread in model skill in reproducing the spatial pattern of March SIC than in reproducing the spatial pattern of September SIC. The error of March SIC simulation was distributed at the margins of sea ice cover, such as in the Nordic Seas, the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea, the Bering Sea, and the Sea of Okhotsk. However, the error of September SIC was distributed both at the margins of sea ice cover and in the central part of the Arctic Basin. Five of these nine models had capabilities comparable with the majority of the CMIP6 models in reproducing the seasonal cycle and long-term trend of Arctic sea ice.
Citation: Li J Q, Wang X C, Wang Z Q, et al. Evaluation of Arctic sea ice simulation of CMIP6 models from China. Adv Polar Sci, 2022, 33(3): 220-234, doi: 10.13679/j.advps.2022.0098
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Knowledge about the distribution of CH4 remains insufficient due to the scarcity of data in the Arctic shelves. We conducted shipboard observations over the Chukchi Sea shelf (CSS) in the western Arctic Ocean in September 2012 to obtain the distribution and source characteristics of dissolved CH4 in seawater. The oceanographic data indicated that a salinity gradient generated a pronounced pycnocline at depths of 20–30 m. The vertical diffusion of biogenic elements was restricted, and these elements were trapped in the bottom waters. Furthermore, high CH4 concentrations were measured below the pycnocline, and low CH4 concentrations were observed in the surface waters. The maximum concentrations of nutrients simultaneously occurred in the dense and cold bottom waters, and significant correlations were observed between CH4 and SiO4−, PO4−, NO2−, and NH4+ (p< 0.01, n= 44). These results suggest that the production of CH4 in the CSS has a similar trend as that of nutrient regeneration and is probably associated with the degradation of organic matter. The high primary productivity and high concentration of organic matter support the formation of biogenic CH4 in the CSS and the subsequent release of CH4 to the water column.
Citation: Li Y H, Zhang J X, Ye W W, et al. Concentration maxima of methane in the bottom waters over the Chukchi Sea shelf: implication of its biogenic source. Adv Polar Sci, 2022, 33(3): 235-243, doi: 10.13679/j.advps.2022.0095
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This study presents new observations of stable isotopic composition (δ18O, δ2H and deuterium excess, d) in surface waters of the North Pacific and Arctic Oceans that were collected during the sixth Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition (CHINARE) from mid-summer to early autumn 2014. Seawater δ18O and δ2H decrease with increasing latitudes from 39°N to 75°N, likely a result of spatial variability in evaporation/precipitation processes. This explanation is further confirmed by comparing the δ18O-δ2H relationship of seawater with that of precipitation. However, effects of freshwater inputs on seawater stable isotopic composition are also identified at 30°–39°N. Furthermore, we find a non-significant relationship between the isotopic parameters (δ2H and δ18О) and salinity from 73°N northwards in the Arctic Ocean, implying that sea ice melting/formation may have some effect. These results suggest that the isotopic parameters δ2H and δ18О are useful for tracing marine hydrological processes.
Citation: Li Z Q, Ding M H, Wang Y T, et al. Spatial variability of δ18O and δ2H in North Pacific and Arctic Oceans surface seawater. Adv Polar Sci, 2022, 33(3): 244-252, doi: 10.13679/j.advps.2021.0053
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The size structure of phytoplankton effect the energy flow and nutrient cycling in the marine ecosystems, and thus is important to marine food web and biological pump. However, its dynamics in the high-latitude Arctic Ocean, particularly ice-covered areas, remain poorly understood. We investigated size-fractionated chlorophyll a (Chl a) and related environmental parameters in the highly ice-covered Arctic Ocean during the summer of 2020, and analyzed the relationship between Chl a distribution and water mass through cluster analysis. Results showed that inorganic nutrients were typically depleted in the upper layer of the Canada Basin region, and that phytoplankton biomass was extremely low (mean = 0.05 ± 0.18 mg·m−3) in the near-surface layer (upper 25 m). More than 80% of Chl a values were <0.1 mg·m−3 in the water column (0–200 m), but high values appeared at the ice edge or in corresponding ice areas on the shelf. Additionally, the mean contribution of both nanoplankton (2–20 μm) (41%) and picoplankton (<2 μm) (40%) was significantly higher than that of microplankton (20–200 μm) (19%). Notably, the typical subsurface chlorophyll maximum (0.1 mg·m−3) were found north of 80°N, where the concentration of sea ice reached approximately 100%. The Chl a profile results showed that the deep chlorophyll maximum of total-, micro-, nano-, and picoplankton was located at depth of 40, 39, 41, and 38 m, respectively, indicating that nutrients are the primary factor limiting phytoplankton growth in the ice-covered Arctic Ocean during summer. These phenomena suggest that, despite the previous literature pointing to significant light limitation under the Arctic ice, the primary limiting factor for phytoplankton of different sizes in summer is still nutrient.
Citation: Cai T, Hao Q, Bai Y C, et al. Variability of size-fractionated chlorophyll a in the high-latitude Arctic Ocean in summer 2020. Adv Polar Sci, 2022, 33(3): 253-266, doi: 10.13679/j.advps.2021.0056
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Citation: Huang W H, Yang X F, Zhao J, et al. Dissolved nutrient distributions in the Antarctic Cosmonaut Sea in austral summer 2021. Adv Polar Sci, 2022(3): 267-290, doi: 10.13679/j.advps.2022.0099
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The Cosmonaut Sea is one of the less studied ecosystems in the Southern Hemisphere. Unlike other seas which were near to coastal regions, however, few studies exist on the top predators in this zone. From December 2019 to January 2020, a survey of seabirds was carried out on the board icebreaker R/V Xuelong 2 in the Cosmonaut Sea and the Cooperation Sea. Twenty-three bird species were recorded. Antarctic petrel (Thalassoica antarctica), Antarctic prion (Pachyptila desolata), and Arctic tern (Sterna paradisaea) were the most abundant species. A total of about 37500 birds belonging to 23 species were recorded. Around 23% of the region had no record of birds. A large number of birds was recorded in 39°E–40°E, 44°E–46°E and 59°E–60°E. Many areas, such as 33°E–35°E, 39°–41°E, 44°E–46°E and 59°E–60°E show a great richness. More than two-thirds of seabirds (71 %) were observed in the zone near the ocean front. The prediction of the distributions of the most dominant species Antarctic petrel also showed that the area near the ocean front region had an important ecological significance for seabirds. The results suggest that the distribution of seabirds in the Cosmonaut Sea is highly heterogenous.
Citation: Lin Z X, Liu M J, Yan D H, et al. Population size and distribution of seabirds in the Cosmonaut Sea, Southern Ocean. Adv Polar Sci, 2022, 33(3): 291-298, doi: 10.13679/j.advps.2021.0028
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