30 June 2022, Volume 33 Issue 2

    

• Select all
  |

Contents
• Select
  Contents of Vol. 33, No.2, 2022

  Editorial Office

  Advances in Polar Science. 2022, 33(2): 0.

  Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save

  Opinion Editorial

  1. The older ice, the better science

      HOU Shugui

  Review

  2. The evaluation of biological productivity by triple isotope composition of oxygen trapped in ice-core bubbles and dissolved in ocean: a review

      ZHOU Yaqian, PANG Hongxi, HU Huanting, YANG Guang & HOU Shugui

  Articles

  3. Numerical simulation of the dynamic effects of grounding icebergs on summer circulation in Prydz Bay, Antarctica

      HAN Yuxin, SHI Jiuxin, HOU Saisai & XIAO Changhao

  4. Comparison of ship-based CTD measurement of Circumpolar Deep Water in the Amundsen Sea based on World Ocean Database

      HE Hailun & WU Shouchang

  5. Inventory of unintentional POPs emission from anthropogenic sources in Antarctica

      Sergey KAKAREKA & Tamara KUKHARCHYK

  6. Bacterial community diversity of meltwater runoff and soil in Midre Lovénbreen glacier in Ny-Ålesund, Arctic

      LIN Lidong, WANG Nengfei, HAN Wenbing, ZHANG Botao, ZANG Jiaye, LI Qinxin, QIN Yiling, WANG Long, ZHANG Fang & LIU Jie

  7. Community structure of mesopelagic fauna and the length-weight relationships of three common fishes in the Cosmonaut Sea, Southern Ocean

      WANG Yehui, LIU Chunlin, DUAN Mi, ZHANG Chi, YE Zhenjiang, LIU Yang, TIAN Yongjun & HE Jianfeng

  Trend

  8. Development of the International Polar Years and their benefits for China

      TANG Yao

• Select
  The older ice, the better science

  Shugui HOU

  Advances in Polar Science. 2022, 33(2): 121-122. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2022.0004

  Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save
Reviews
• Select
  The evaluation of biological productivity by triple isotope composition of oxygen trapped in ice-core bubbles and dissolved in ocean: a review

  Yaqian ZHOU, Hongxi PANG, Huanting HU, Guang YANG, Shugui HOU

  Advances in Polar Science. 2022, 33(2): 123-134. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2021.0038

  Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save

  The ¹⁷O anomaly of oxygen (Δ¹⁷O, calculated from δ¹⁷O and δ¹⁸O) trapped in ice-core bubbles and dissolved in ocean has been respectively used to evaluate the past biosphere productivity at a global scale and gross oxygen production (GOP) in the mixed layer (ML) of ocean. Compared to traditional methods in GOP estimation, triple oxygen isotope (TOI) method provides estimates that ignore incubation bottle effects and calculates GOP on larger spatial and temporal scales. Calculated from TOI of O₂ trapped in ice-core bubbles, the averaged global biological productivities in past glacial periods were about 0.83–0.94 of the present, and the longest time record reached 400 ka BP (thousand years before the present). TOI-derived GOP estimation has also been widely applied in open oceans and coastal oceans, with emphasis on the ML. Although the TOI method has been widely used in aquatic ecosystems, TOI-based GOP is assumed to be constant at a steady state, and the influence of physical transports below the ML is neglected. The TOI method applied to evaluate past total biospheric productivity is limited by rare samples as well as uncertainties related to O₂ consumption mechanisms and terrestrial biosphere’s hydrological processes. Future studies should take into account the physical transports below the ML and apply the TOI method in deep ocean. In addition, study on the complex land biosphere mechanisms by triple isotope composition of O₂ trapped in ice-core bubbles needs to be strengthened.
  
Articles
• Select
  Numerical simulation of the dynamic effects of grounding icebergs on summer circulation in Prydz Bay, Antarctica

  Yuxin HAN, Jiuxin SHI, Saisai HOU​, Changhao XIAO​

  Advances in Polar Science. 2022, 33(2): 135-144. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2022.0002

  Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save

  The Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) is employed to create a three-dimensional numerical model of the summer circulation in the Prydz Bay region, Antarctica. Consistent with the currents measured using an underway acoustic Doppler current profiler during a Chinese cruise, the simulated current field illustrates the major features of the Prydz Bay circulation, including the Antarctic Slope Current (ASC) along the continental shelf break, the cyclonic Prydz Bay Gyre, and the Prydz Bay Eastern Coastal Current (PBECC). The effects of grounding icebergs D15 and B15 on the circulation in Prydz Bay are investigated via numerical simulations. The results indicate that these giant grounding icebergs substantially affect the flows into and within the bay, which may differ with the different grounding locations. As grounding iceberg D15 is located close to the southwestern part of the West Ice Shelf (WIS), it cuts off the coastal current along the outer edge of the WIS, and the ASC can only enter Prydz Bay from the west side of iceberg D15, whereupon it becomes a main source of the PBECC. Iceberg D15 also weakens the circulation in the bay in general. The relatively small iceberg B15 entered Prydz Bay from 2007 to 2009 and grounded on the southwestern section of the Four Ladies Bank. The numerical experiments indicate that iceberg B15 guides the ASC flowing into the bay around its west side and reduces the width of the inflow on the eastern side of the Prydz Bay Channel. The grounding of iceberg B15 has also led to adjustments of the circulation within the bay, among which the most significant is that the outflow along the western flank of Fram Bank has shifted to the west and become more intensive.
• Select
  Comparison of ship-based CTD measurement of Circumpolar Deep Water in the Amundsen Sea based on World Ocean Database

  Hailun HE, Shouchang WU

  Advances in Polar Science. 2022, 33(2): 145-155. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2021.0036

  Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save

  We compare the characteristics of Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) in the Amundsen Sea based on Conductivity-Temperature-Depth (CTD) records in the World Ocean Database. There are considerable numbers of ship-based CTD casts in the year 1994, 2000, 2007 and 2009. After confining temporal- and spatial- windows, several stations are emerged as having at-least two casts in different years. The comparisons show that the CDWs turn warmer and salter on shelf and near ice shelf. The results therefore describe the geographic differences of CDW changes, and exhibit rareness of ship-based CTD survey in the Amundsen Sea.
• Select
  Inventory of unintentional POPs emission from anthropogenic sources in Antarctica

  Sergey KAKAREKA, Tamara KUKHARCHYK

  Advances in Polar Science. 2022, 33(2): 156-166. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2021.0044

  Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save

  In spite of remote location and very limited human activities, Antarctica is affected by persistent organic pollutants (POPs). POPs investigation in Antarctica has a comparatively long history, but there are still large knowledge gaps in assessment of their emission into environment. In the paper the results of the first inventory of unintentional POPs emission from anthropogenic sources in Antarctica for modern period and preliminary estimate for the late 1980s are presented. Assessment of dioxin/furans (PCDD/Fs) emission in different media, as well as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in air is based on methodology of emission factors and indicators of human activity. The following sources of POPs emission have been estimated: power generation and heating, waste incineration, mobile sources and open burning of waste (in the past). According to the data obtained, annual PCDD/Fs air emission for modern period comprises 60.74 mg toxic equivalent (TEQ), PCBs – 5.09 mg TEQ, and HCB – 457.6 mg. Additionally 2.5 mg TEQ of dioxin/furans is released to residues, so total PCDD/Fs emission is amounted 63.23 mg TEQ. Waste incineration makes the greatest contribution to POPs emission (96% of PCDD/Fs, 98% of PCBs and 36% of HCB air emission). In late 1980s open burning of waste was the major source of POPs. Retrospective assessment shows that over a 30-year period air emissions of PCDD/Fs decreased about 13 times, PCBs—15 times and HCB—57 times, primarily due to the prohibition of open burning of waste in compliance with the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty requirements.
• Select
  Bacterial community diversity of meltwater runoff and soil in Midre Lovénbreen glacier in Ny-Ålesund, Arctic

  Lidong LIN, Nengfei WANG, Wenbing HAN, Botao ZHANG, Jiaye ZANG, Qinxin LI, Yiling QIN, Long WANG, Fang ZHANG, Jie LIU​

  Advances in Polar Science. 2022, 33(2): 167-180. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2021.0052

  Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save

  Glacial meltwater runoff is a dynamic ecosystem. On the one hand, nutrient concentration changes as it flows from upstream to downstream, and on the other hand, bacterial community structure changes due to its contact with nearby soil during the flow process. We studied meltwater and soil in the Midre Lovénbreen glacier region, to explore changes in bacterial diversity as meltwater flows, and the relationship between meltwater and soil bacterial diversity. As glacial meltwater flows from upstream to downstream, the relative abundance of dominant bacterial groups changes. In addition, we found that during the flowing process, nutrient exchange and bacterial contact had occurred between the meltwater runoff and the soil. As a result, the distribution patterns of some bacteria in the meltwater are very similar to those in the soil. Finally, we combined distance-based redundancy analysis and weighted correlation network analysis to show that NO₃⁻-N and NO₂⁻-N are the most two significant factors affecting glacial meltwater and soil, respectively. Our results suggest that in such a close-knit ecosystem, the interaction of glacial meltwater with soil, as well as environmental factors, together determine bacterial community composition.
• Select
  Community structure of mesopelagic fauna and the length-weight relationships of three common fishes in the Cosmonaut Sea, Southern Ocean

  Yehui WANG, Chunlin LIU, Mi DUAN​, Chi ZHANG, Zhenjiang YE​, Yang LIU​, Yongjun TIAN​, Jianfeng HE

  Advances in Polar Science. 2022, 33(2): 181-191. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2021.0048

  Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save

  This study used specimens of marine organisms caught by rectangular midwater trawl in the Cosmonaut Sea, Southern Ocean, in austral summer 2019/2020, to determine species composition and spatial distributions of mesopelagic fauna in this sea. The data were also used to calculate the length-weight relationships of three common fishes captured during the survey (Electrona antarctica, Bathylagus antarcticus, and Cyclothone microdon). A total of 385 individual organisms with a total weight of 15462.2 g and representing 17 species were collected across the 11 stations visited. The small-sized crown jellyfish Atolla wyvillei (order Coronatae) was the most-dominant species by number (96 individuals), and the zooplankton Cyllopus lucasii (Amphipoda) also showed high abundance (54 individuals). Among fishes, 81 individuals of Notolepis coatsorum (Paralepididae) were caught, followed by 71 individuals of E. antarctica (Myctophidae), 25 individuals of B. antarcticus (Bathylagidae), and 16 individuals of C. microdon (Gonostomatidae). Clustering analysis divided the mesopelagic community into “west” and “east” groups, and a greater number of individuals were collected in the western part of the sea. The length-weight relationships of the three common fishes revealed positive allometric growth for B. antarcticus (b=3.16), and negative allometric growth for E. antarctica and C. microdon (both b=2.53). Our descriptions of the mesopelagic-zone community structure and biological features of three common fishes provide basic information on the ecology of the Cosmonaut Sea, Southern Ocean, and will be useful for ecosystem-based fisheries management in this region.
• Select
  Development of the International Polar Years and their benefits for China 

  Yao Tang

  Advances in Polar Science. 2022, 33(2): 192-198. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2022.0003

  Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save

  International Polar Years, which have been held four times, have greatly promoted human understanding of the polar regions. The development of the International Polar Years has the following features: increasing interdisciplinary trend; importance of international organizations in initiating and participating in projects; and science diplomacy playing an important role in promoting cooperation and resolving differences. China was highly involved in the fourth International Polar Year in 2007–08, and the PANDA project which as a China-led international project marked a gradual shift in China’s polar activities. China could play a bigger role in the fifth International Polar Year, including the following: initiating a new International Polar Year; initiating more international projects; promoting international organizations; actively conducting science diplomacy; and publicizing its polar activities in different ways.