30 September 2021, Volume 32 Issue 3

    

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  Contents Vol. 32 No. 3

  Editorial Office of Advances in Polar Science

  Advances in Polar Science. 2021, 32(3): 0-0.

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  Advances in Polar Science
  Contents Vol. 32 No. 3 September 2021
  
  Reviews
  Application of unmanned underwater vehicles in polar research
  ZENG Junbao, LI Shuo & LIU Ya
  
  Utilization of clean energy and future trend of Antarctic research stations
  LI Zhao, LÜ Dongxiang, SUN Zilu & LI Chuan
  
  Marine biogenic aerosols and their effects on aerosol-cloud interactions over the Southern Ocean: a review
  XU Yifan, XU Guojie, CHEN Liqi & ZHANG Miming
  
  Articles
  The marine environmental evolution in the northern Norwegian Sea revealed by foraminifera during the last 60 ka
  WANG Weiguo, ZHAO Mengwei, YANG Jichao, XIAO Wenshen, WANG Haoyin & LIU Yang
  
  Characteristics of hydrogen/oxygen isotopes in water masses and implications for spatial distribution of freshwater in the Amundsen Sea, Southern Ocean
  SHAO Hebin, HE Jianfeng, LUO Guangfu, LAN Musheng, YU Lejiang, GUO Guijun & LIAN Ergang
  
  Different physiopsychological changes between AMS-susceptible and AMS-resistant pre-selected Antarctic expeditioners in Tibet
  WU Xiaopei, LIU Shiying, WANG Xi, WANG Jianan, QIN Pengrui & XU Chengli
  
  An introduction to the riometer system deployed at China-Iceland joint Arctic observatory and its beam-forming correction method based on the preliminary data
  
  HE Fang, HU Zejun, HU Hongqiao, HUANG Dehong & YU Yao
  
Reviews
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  Application of unmanned underwater vehicles in polar research

  Junbao ZENG, Shuo LI, Ya LIU

  Advances in Polar Science. 2021, 32(3): 174-184. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2021.0018

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  The importance of polar ice as vital components of the global ocean–climate system is widely recognized. In this paper, we demonstrate the importance and urgency of polar research, describe the primary characteristics of sea ice and ice shelves, and outline the current status and difficulties associated with sub-ice research. We highlight the importance of Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs) as important tools for oceanographic research. We present recent progress in UUV deployment in sub-ice research in the Arctic and the Antarctic, and review the latest international developments in UUV structure, navigation, payload, and field operation. Moreover, Chinese polar UUVs and their deployments in the polar regions are presented in detail. Key technologies and solutions regarding polar application of UUVs (e.g., sub-ice navigation and positioning, energy supply and data transmission, and sub-ice guidance and recovery) are discussed. Given the current worldwide attention on polar science, the potential future directions of UUV-related polar research (e.g., observations under Antarctic ice shelves, long-range surveys beneath Arctic sea ice and application of intelligent technology) are discussed.
  
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  Utilization of clean energy and future trend of Antarctic research stations

  Zhao LI, Dongxiang LÜ, Zilu SUN, Chuan LI

  Advances in Polar Science. 2021, 32(3): 185-194. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2021.0024

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  The polar regions are rich in resources with high scientific value. Polar scientific research is of great significance to natural environment, climate, astronomy and geology. Polar scientific research is closely related to polar energy supply. Most research stations still use fossil fuels as the main source of power generation. This kind of power supply not only pollutes the environment, but also consumes a lot of manpower and material resources. As a kind of renewable energy such as solar energy and wind energy, renewable energy not only has the characteristics of sustainable development, but also has the characteristics of local power generation and transportation cost saving. At present, several countries have started the construction and application of polar renewable energy, and achieved good results in some Antarctic stations. Based on the investigation and summary of the application of renewable energy in various countries, this paper discusses the development trend of polar energy supply in the future, and provides a clear idea and direction for the development of polar renewable energy.
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  Marine biogenic aerosols and their effects on aerosol-cloud interactions over the Southern Ocean: a review

  Yifan XU, Guojie XU​, Liqi CHEN, Miming ZHANG​

  Advances in Polar Science. 2021, 32(3): 195-209. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2021.0007

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  The Southern Ocean (SO) plays an important role in the global climate system. Changes in SO biogeochemistry and marine ecosystems may influence the distribution of atmospheric aerosols and clouds and impact the climate system. We reviewed current knowledge on the interactions between marine aerosols and clouds over the SO. We focused on marine primary and secondary organic aerosols and summarized their characteristics, processes and roles as cloud condensation nuclei and ice nuclei. We described in detail the interactions between the marine ecosystem, aerosols and clouds. We discussed marine productivity, formation of marine biogenic aerosols and interactions between aerosols, clouds and climate. We explored the impact of climate change on SO marine ecosystem productivity and aerosol–cloud–climate feedback. Marine biogenic aerosols could impact the radiation budget and oceanic low-level clouds over the SO. This study contributes towards an improved understanding of marine productivity, aerosol-cloud interactions and climate change in the SO. The SO may respond to climate change in varying degrees. More studies are urgently needed to support accurate forecasts of future changes in the SO.
Articles
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  The marine environmental evolution in the northern Norwegian Sea revealed by foraminifera during the last 60 ka

  Weiguo WANG, Mengwei ZHAO, Jichao YANG​, Wenshen XIAO, Haoyin WANG, Yang LIU​

  Advances in Polar Science. 2021, 32(3): 210-220. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2021.0020

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  Both planktonic and benthic foraminifera were identified in a sediment core collected from the northern Norwegian Sea to reconstruct the paleoceanographic evolution since the last glaciation. The assemblages and distribution patterns of dominant foraminiferal species with special habitat preferences indicated that three marine environments occurred in the northern Norwegian Sea since 62 ka BP: (1) an environment controlled by the circulation of the North Atlantic Current (NAC); (2) by polynya-related sinking of brines and upwelling of intermediate water surrounding the polynya; (3) by melt-water from Barents Sea Ice Sheet (BSIS). At 62–52.5 ka BP, a period with the highest summer insolation during the last glaciatial period, intensification of the NAC led to higher absolute abundances and higher diversity of foraminiferal faunas. The higher abundance of benthic species Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi indicates bottom water conditions that were well-ventilated with an adequate food supply; however, higher abundances of polar planktonic foraminiferal species Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (sin.) indicate that the near-surface temperatures were still low. During mid-late MIS 3 (52.5–29 ka BP), the marine environment of the northern Norwegian Sea alternately changed among the above mentioned three environments. At 29–17 ka BP during the last glacial maximum, the dominant benthic species Bolivina arctica from the Arctic Ocean indicates an extreme cold bottom environment. The BSIS expanded to its maximum extent during this period, and vast polynya formed at the edge of the ice sheet. The sinking of brines from the formation of sea ice in the polynyas caused upwelling, indicated by the upwelling adapted planktonic species Globigerinita glutinata. At 17–10 ka BP, the northern Norwegian Sea was controlled by melt-water. With the ablation of BSIS, massive amounts of melt water discharged into the Norwegian Sea, resulting in strong water column stratification, poor ventilation, and an oligotrophic bottom condition, which led to a drastic decline in the abundance and diversity of foraminifera. At 10–0 ka BP, the marine environment was transformed again by the control of the NAC, which continues to modern day. The abrupt decrease in relative abundance of Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (sin.) indicates a rise in near-surface temperature with the strengthening of the NAC and without the influence of the BSIS.
  
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  Characteristics of hydrogen/oxygen isotopes in water masses and implications for spatial distribution of freshwater in the Amundsen Sea, Southern Ocean

  Hebin SHAO, Jianfeng HE​, Guangfu LUO​, Musheng LAN​, Lejiang YU​, Guijun GUO, Ergang LIAN​

  Advances in Polar Science. 2021, 32(3): 221-238. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2020.0037

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  Antarctica’s marginal seas are of great importance to atmosphere–ocean–ice interactions and are sensitive to global climate change. Multiple factors account for the freshwater budget in these regions, including glacier melting, seasonal formation/decay of sea ice, and precipitation. Hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) isotopes represent useful proxies for determining the distribution and migration of water masses. We analyzed the H and O isotopic compositions of 190 seawater samples collected from the Amundsen Sea during the 34th Chinese Antarctic Research Expedition in 2017/2018. The upper-oceanic structure (<400 m) and freshwater (meteoric water and sea ice melt) distribution in the Amundsen Sea were identified based on conductivity–temperature–depth data and the H and O isotopic composition. Antarctic Surface Water, characterized as cold and fresh with low H and O isotopic ratios, was found distributed mainly in the upper ~150 m between the Antarctic Slope Front and Polar Front, where it had been affected considerably by upwelled Upper Circumpolar Deep Water (UCDW) between 68°S and 71°S. A three-endmember (meteoric water, sea ice melt, and Circumpolar Deep Water) mixing model indicated that waters with relatively high proportions (>3%) of freshwater generally lie in the upper ~50 m and extend from Antarctica to ~65°S in the meridional direction (anomalously low freshwater proportion occurred between 68°S and 71°S). Winter Water mainly occupied the layer between 50 and 150 m south of 71°S in the western Amundsen Sea. The water structure and spatial distribution of freshwater in the upper Amundsen Sea were found influenced mainly by the rates of basal and surficial melting of ice shelves, seasonal alternation of sea ice melt/formation, wind forcing, and regional bathymetry. Owing to the distance between heavy sea ice boundary (HSIB) and ice shelves is much shorter in the western HSIB than the east HSIB, the western part of the heavy sea ice boundary includes a higher proportion of freshwater than the eastern region. This study, which highlighted the distribution and extent of freshwater derived from ice (ice shelves and sea ice) melt, provides important evidence that the offshore drift pathway of cold and fresh Antarctic continental shelf water is likely interrupted by upwelled UCDW in the Amundsen Sea.
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  Different physiopsychological changes between AMS-susceptible and AMS-resistant pre-selected Antarctic expeditioners in Tibet

  Xiaopei WU, Shiying LIU​, Xi WANG​, Jianan WANG​, Pengrui QIN​, Chengli XU​

  Advances in Polar Science. 2021, 32(3): 239-247. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2021.0010

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  Through dynamically monitoring changes of acute mountain sickness (AMS) occurrences, cardiopulmonary function and mood states from Shanghai (4 m) to Lhasa (3650 m) and Yambajan (4300 m), Tibet, we obtained physiopsychological data of the 37th Chinese Antarctic pre-selected expeditioners for Kunlun Station. Through analyzing different physiopsychological changes between AMS-susceptible (AMS-S) and AMS-resistant (AMS-R) expeditioners, we would explore indicators to screen hypoxia-susceptible expeditioners. According to AMS occurrences evaluated by Lake Louise Score (LLS) in Yambajan, we divided the expeditioners (n=24, 31.92±5.76 a) into AMS-S and AMS-R groups. Using a series of medical instruments and questionnaires, we monitored their cardiopulmonary function and mood states, and analyzed the differences of physiopsychological parameters between AMS-S and AMS-R groups. Compared with Shanghai, when expeditioners arrived in Yambajan, in both AMS-S and AMS-R groups, oxygen saturation (SpO₂) significantly decreased, and blood pressure significantly increased (P<0.05). As for electrocardiogram (ECG), interval from the beginning to the end of QRS complex wave (QRS), interval from the beginning of QRS complex wave to the end of T wave (QT), interval between 2 adjacent P waves (PP) and interval between 2 adjacent R waves (RR) significantly decreased, heart rate (HR) and HR-corrected QT interval (QTc) significantly increased (P<0.05). Cardiac contractility and pumping function significantly decreased, systemic vascular resistance significantly increased (P<0.05). Pulmonary airway patency significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with AMS-R group, AMS-S group showed significantly lower SpO₂ and higher stroke volume variation (SVV) in Shanghai, however, significantly lower maximal expiratory flow at 75% of forced vital capacity (MEF75), higher levels of anxiety, fatigue and confusion in Yambajan (P<0.05). In conclusion, when expeditioners arrived at 4300 m, their cardiopulmonary function and mood states changed significantly. SpO₂, SVV, MEF₇₅, anxiety, fatigue and confusion maybe could be used as clues for screening hypoxia-susceptible individuals.
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  An introduction to the riometer system deployed at China-Iceland joint Arctic observatory and its beam-forming correction method based on the preliminary data

  Fang HE, Zejun HU, Hongqiao HU, Dehong HUANG, Yao YU

  Advances in Polar Science. 2021, 32(3): 248-260. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2021.0031

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  The China-Iceland joint Arctic observatory (CIAO) has formally been operating since October 18, 2018, and an imaging riometer system was deployed at CIAO in August 2019 for the conjunction observation purpose with the co-located ground-based all sky imager auroral observation system. The features of the riometer and antenna system are presented. The riometer’s beam-forming performance were evaluated with the analysis method introduced in detail. The analysis results showed that the mapping of beams was incorrectly ordered, and the correction has been made. The revised ordering result was reasonably verified and the analysis method was proved to be effective.