30 June 2021, Volume 32 Issue 2

    

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  Contents of Vol. 32, No 2, 2021

  Editorial Office of Advances in Polar Science

  Advances in Polar Science. 2021, 32(2): 0-0.

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  Advances in Polar Science
  Contents Vol. 32 No. 2 June 2021
  
  Editorial
  
  Opinion Editorial
  Towards an integrated study of subglacial conditions in Princess Elizabeth Land, East Antarctica
  TANG Xueyuan & SUN Bo
  
  Articles
  Characteristics and spatial distribution of strong warming events in the central Arctic (2000–2019)
  ZHANG Zelu, ZHAO Jinping & BIAN Lingen
  
  Factors contributing to rapid decline of Arctic sea ice in autumn
  LI Shuyao, CUI Hongyan, XU Junli, GONG Xiang, QIAO Fangli, YANG Yanzhao, WANG Ping, HAN Yuqun & SHAN Feng
  
  Retrievals of Arctic sea ice melt pond depth and underlying ice thickness using optical data
  ZHANG hang, YU Miao, LU Peng, ZHOU Jiaru & LI Zhijun
  
  Ocean stratification and sea-ice cover in Barents and Kara seas modulate sea-air methane flux: satellite data
  Leonid YURGANOV, Dustin CARROLL, Andrey PNYUSHKOV, Igor POLYAKOV & Hong ZHANG
  
  A case study based on ground observations of the conjugate ionospheric response to interplanetary shock in polar regions
  HE Fang, HU Zejun, HU Hongqiao, HUANG Dehong & YU Yao
  
  Traditional Arctic native fish storage methods and their role in the sustainable development of the Arctic
  LUO Ying, Andrew Alexandrovich LOBANOV, HUI Fengming, Sergei Vasilevich ANDRONOV, Lidiya Petrovna LOBANOVA, Elena Nikolaevna BOGDANOVA, Irina Alexandrovna GRISHECHKINA, Andrei Ivanovich POPOV & Roman Yurievich FEDOROV
  
  
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  Editorial

  Huigen YANG, Ad HUISKES

  Advances in Polar Science. 2021, 32(2): 0-1.

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  Advances in Polar Science, published since 1990 as a peer-reviewed English-language journal, is dedicated to the presentation of polar research (both Arctic and Antarctic) and of the accomplishments of Arctic and Antarctic expeditions. The international character of the journal improved greatly over the years from 24% of the published papers with a non-Chinese submitting author in 2015 to 63% in 2020. Advances in Polar Science is since 2020 included in Elsevier’s Scopus, the largest abstract and citation database of peer-reviewed literature.
Opinion Editorial
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  Towards an integrated study of subglacial conditions in Princess Elizabeth Land, East Antarctica

  Xueyuan TANG, Bo SUN

  Advances in Polar Science. 2021, 32(2): 75-77. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2021.0002

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Articles
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  Characteristics and spatial distribution of strong warming events in the central Arctic (2000–2019)

  Zelu ZHANG, Jinping ZHAO, Lingen BIAN

  Advances in Polar Science. 2021, 32(2): 78-95. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2021.0001

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  Arctic amplification in the context of global warming has received considerable attention, and mechanisms such as ice–albedo feedback and extratropical cyclone activity have been proposed to explain such abnormal warming. Since 2000, several short-term episodes of significant temperature rise have been observed in the Arctic; however, long-duration warming events in the central Arctic are less common and lack comprehensive research. Previous studies identified that amplified Rossby waves could connect Arctic warming with extreme weather events in mid-latitude regions, and thus the recent increase in the frequency of mid-latitude extreme weather is also a subject of intensive research. With consideration of temperature anomalies, this study defined a continuous warming process as a warming event and selected strong warming events based on duration. Analysis of National Centers for Environmental Prediction Reanalysis-2 surface air temperature data found that nine strong warming events occurred during 2000–2019, which could be categorized into three types based on the area of warming. This study also investigated the relation between strong warming events and sea ice concentration reduction, sudden stratospheric warming, and extratropical cyclone activities. After full consideration and comparison, we believe that strong warming events in the central Arctic are induced primarily by continuous transport of warm air from mid-latitude ocean areas.
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  Factors contributing to rapid decline of Arctic sea ice in autumn

  Shuyao LI, Hongyan CUI​, Junli XU​, Xiang GONG, Fangli QIAO, Yanzhao YANG​, Ping WANG​, Yuqun HAN​

  Advances in Polar Science. 2021, 32(2): 96-104. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2020.0039

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  Autumn Arctic sea ice has been declining since the beginning of the era of satellite sea ice observations. In this study, we examined the factors contributing to the decline of autumn sea ice concentration. From the Beaufort Sea to the Barents Sea, autumn sea ice concentration has decreased considerably between 1982 and 2020, and the rates of decline were the highest around the Beaufort Sea. We calculated the correlation coefficients between sea ice extent (SIE) anomalies and anomalies of sea surface temperature (SST), surface air temperature (SAT) and specific humidity (SH). Among these coefficients, the largest absolute value was found in the coefficient between SIE and SAT anomalies for August to October, which has a value of −0.9446. The second largest absolute value was found in the coefficient between SIE and SH anomalies for September to November, which has a value of −0.9436. Among the correlation coefficients between SIE and SST anomalies, the largest absolute value was found in the coefficient for August to October, which has a value of −0.9410. We conducted empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analyses of sea ice, SST, SAT, SH, sea level pressure (SLP) and the wind field for the months where the absolute values of the correlation coefficient were the largest. The first EOFs of SST, SAT and SH account for 39.07%, 63.54% and 47.60% of the total variances, respectively, and are mainly concentrated in the area between the Beaufort Sea and the East Siberian Sea. The corresponding principal component time series also indicate positive trends. The first EOF of SLP explains 41.57% of the total variance. It is mostly negative in the central Arctic. Over the Beaufort, Chukchi and East Siberian seas, the zonal wind weakened while the meridional wind strengthened. Results from the correlation and EOF analyses further verified the effects of the ice–temperature, ice–SH and ice–SLP feedback mechanisms in the Arctic. These mechanisms accelerate melting and decrease the rate of formation of sea ice. In addition, stronger meridional winds favor the flow of warm air from lower latitudes towards the polar region, further promoting Arctic sea ice decline.
  
  
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  Retrievals of Arctic sea ice melt pond depth and underlying ice thickness using optical data

  Hang ZHANG, Miao YU, Peng LU, Jiaru ZHOU, Zhijun LI

  Advances in Polar Science. 2021, 32(2): 105-117. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2021.0021

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  Melt pond is a distinctive characteristic of the summer Arctic, which affects energy balance in the Arctic system. The Delta-Eddington model (BL) and Two-strEam rAdiative transfer model (TEA) are employed to retrieving pond depth H _p and underlying ice thickness H _i according to the ratio X of the melt-pond albedo in two bands. Results showed that when λ₁ = 359 nm and λ₂ = 605 nm, the Pearson’s correlation coefficient r between X and H_p is 0.99 for the BL model. The result of TEA model was similar to the BL model. The retrievals of H_p for the two models agreed well with field observations. For H _i, the highest r (0.99) was obtained when λ ₁ = 447 nm and λ₂ = 470 nm for the BL model, λ ₁ = 447 nm and λ ₂ = 451 nm for the TEA model. Furthermore, the BL model was more suitable for the retrieval of thick ice (0 < H _i < 3.5 m, R² = 0.632), while the TEA model is on the contrary ( H _i < 1 m, R² = 0.842). The present results provide a potential method for the remote sensing on melt pond and ice in the Arctic summer.
  
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  Ocean stratification and sea-ice cover in Barents and Kara seas modulate sea-air methane flux: satellite data

  Leonid YURGANOV1*,Dustin CARROLL2,Andrey PNYUSHKOV3,Igor POLYAKOV3,Hong ZHANG4

  Advances in Polar Science. 2021, 32(2): 118-140. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2021.0006

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  The diverse range of mechanisms driving the Arctic amplification and global climate are not completely understood and, in particular, the role of the greenhouse gas methane (CH₄) in the Arctic warming remains unclear. Strong sources of methane at the ocean seabed in the Barents Sea and other polar regions are well documented. Nevertheless, some of those publications suggest that negligible amounts of methane fluxed from the seabed enter the atmosphere, with roughly 90% of the methane consumed by bacteria. Most in situ observations are taken during summer, which is favorable for collecting data but also characterized by a stratified water column. We present perennial observations of three Thermal IR space-borne spectrometers in the Arctic between 2002 and 2020. According to estimates derived from the data synthesis ECCO (Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean), in the ice-free Barents Sea the stratification in winter weakens after the summer strong stability. The convection, storms, and turbulent diffusion mix the full-depth water column. CH₄ excess over a control area in North Atlantic, measured by three sounders, and the oceanic Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) both maximize in winter. A significant seasonal increase of sea-air exchange in ice-free seas is assumed. The amplitude of the seasonal methane cycle for the Kara Sea significantly increased since the beginning of the century. This may be explained by a decline of ice concentration there. The annual CH₄ emission from the Arctic seas is estimated as 2/3 of land emission. The Barents/Kara seas contribute between 1/3 and 1/2 into the Arctic seas annual emission.
  
  Citation : Yurganov L, Carroll D, Pnyushkov A, et al. Ocean stratification and sea-ice cover in Barents and Kara seas modulate sea-air methane flux: satellite data. Adv Polar Sci, 2021, 32(2): 118-138, doi: 10.13679/j.advps.2021.0006
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  A case study based on ground observations of the conjugate ionospheric response to interplanetary shock in polar regions

  HE Fang*,HU Zejun,HU Hongqiao,HUANG Dehong,YU Yao

  Advances in Polar Science. 2021, 32(2): 141-160. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2021.0012

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  Data acquired by imaging relative ionospheric opacity meters (riometers), ionospheric total electron content (TEC) monitors, and three-wavelength auroral imagers at the conjugate Zhongshan station (ZHS) in Antarctica and Yellow River station (YRS) in the Arctic were analyzed to investigate the response of the polar ionosphere to an interplanetary shock event induced by solar flare activity on July 12, 2012. After the arrival of the interplanetary shock wave at the magnetosphere at approximately 18:10 UT, significantly enhanced auroral activity was observed by the auroral imagers at the ZHS. Additionally, the polar conjugate observation stations in both hemispheres recorded notable evolution in the two-dimensional movement of cosmic noise absorption. Comparison of the ionospheric TEC data acquired by the conjugate pair showed that the TEC at both sites increased considerably after the interplanetary shock wave arrived, although the two stations featured different sunlight conditions (polar night in July in the Antarctic region and polar day in the Arctic region). However, the high-frequency (HF) coherent radar data demonstrated that different sources might be responsible for the electron density enhancement in the ionosphere. During the Arctic polar day period in July, the increased electron density over YRS might have been caused by anti-sunward convection of the plasma irregularity, whereas in Antarctica during the polar night, the increased electron density over ZHS might have been caused by energetic particle precipitation from the magnetotail. These different physical processes might be responsible for the different responses of the ionosphere at the two conjugate stations in response to the same interplanetary shock event.
  
  Citation : He F, Hu Z J, Hu H Q, et al. A case study based on ground observations of the conjugate ionospheric response to interplanetary shock in polar regions. Adv Polar Sci, 2021, 32(2): 139-158, doi: 10.13679/j.advps.2021.0012
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  Traditional Arctic native fish storage methods and their role in the sustainable development of the Arctic

  LUO Ying 1,Andrew Alexandrovich LOBANOV2*,HUI Fengming 3,Sergei Vasilevich ANDRONOV2,Lidiya Petrovna LOBANOVA2,Elena Nikolaevna BOGDANOVA4,Irina Alexandrovna GRISHECHKINA2,Andrei Ivanovich POPOV5,Roman Yurievich FEDOROV6

  Advances in Polar Science. 2021, 32(2): 161-171. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2021.0011

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  The business of the Arctic has received increased attention owing to climate change. However, resource development and the use of waterways threaten the fragile Arctic ecology. The indigenous people of the Arctic have acquired a vast amount of traditional knowledge about coexisting in harmony with nature over the course of many years. Herein, five types of fish storage facilities that are commonly used by Arctic indigenous people and their working mechanisms are described. The traditional knowledge of the Arctic indigenous people is practically applied in Arctic fish storage systems, which are still common, effective, and environmentally friendly. The traditional fish storage facilities of the aborigines are of significance because they promote the sustainable development of the Arctic.
  
  Citation : Luo Y, Lobanov A A, Hui F M, et al. Traditional Arctic native fish storage methods and their role in the sustainable development of the Arctic. Adv Polar Sci, 2021, 32(2): 161-171, doi: 10.13679/j.advps.2021.0011