31 December 2020, Volume 31 Issue 4

    

• Select all
  |

Opinion Editorial
• Select
  Evaluation of the Polar Code in different environments and for different maritime activities in the two polar regions

  Meric KARAHALIL, Burcu OZSOY

  Advances in Polar Science. 2020, 31(4): 237-240. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2020.0028

  Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save

  Because of the decrease in sea ice coverage, maritime activities in the polar regions have increased steadily over the years and several issues related to maritime activities have arisen. It is essential to understand these challenges because they could have serious political, environmental, and economic consequences. Although there are significant geographical and legal differences and differences in the types of activities between the Arctic and the Antarctic, a single International Maritime Organization Polar Code covers both regions. In this analysis, changes in polar regions are introduced, and the differences between the Arctic and Antarctic are discussed. The differences in maritime activities in the two polar regions are then discussed, and the Polar Code is evaluated in terms of these differences.
  
  Note : Queries and discussions on this article should be made by E-mail directly with the corresponding author.
Contents
• Select
  Contents of Vol. 31, No 4, 2020

  Assistant Editor

  Advances in Polar Science. 2020, 31(4): 237-298.

  Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save

  Advances in Polar Science
  Contents Vol. 31 No. 4 December 2020
  
  Opinion Editorial
  Evaluation of the Polar Code in different environments and for different maritime activities in the two polar regions
  Meric KARAHALIL & Burcu OZSOY
  
  Review
  Nitrous oxide research progress in polar and sub-polar oceans
  ZHAN Liyang, ZHANG Jiexia, LI Yuhong & WU Man
  
  Articles
  Approximating home ranges of humpback and fin whales in Drake Passage and Antarctica José Luis ORGEIRA & Facundo ALVAREZ Installing a prototype wind turbine to produce energy in Antarctica to allow a permanent Colombian scientific base to be established
  Cesar Jimenez LOZANO
  Air pollutants and greenhouse gases emission inventory for power plants in the Antarctic
  Sergey KAKAREKA
  
  Letters
  Are Antarctic Specially Protected Areas safe from plastic pollution? a survey of plastic litter at Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, Antarctica
  Pablo ALMELA & Sergi GONZALEZ
  Large spread across AeroCom Phase II models in simulating black carbon in melting snow over Arctic sea ice
  PAN Shifeng & DUAN Mingkeng
  
Reviews
• Select
  Nitrous oxide research progress in polar and sub-polar oceans

  Liyang ZHAN, Jiexia ZHANG, Yuhong LI, Man WU

  Advances in Polar Science. 2020, 31(4): 241-247. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2020.0022

  Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save

  N₂O gas depletes ozone and has a powerful greenhouse effect. Oceans are among the most important N₂O sources and have been the subject of extensive studies. Polar oceans are important regions for deep water formation and global-scale thermohaline circulation. Therefore, these water bodies play an important role in the N₂O budget, however, these regions were not well studied. This review of previously published studies and data on polar oceans, including both the Arctic Ocean and Southern Ocean, describes the distribution pattern of N₂O and possible regulating mechanism of these distribution patterns and shows that the Arctic Ocean and Southern Ocean both represent source and sink regions, suggesting that the source/sink characteristics of the Arctic and Southern oceans and their strengths need further study. Questions related to N₂O circulation in polar oceans were proposed, and future work is suggested.
  
  Citation: Zhan L Y , Zhang J X , Li Y H, et al. Nitrous oxide research progress in polar and sub-polar oceans. Adv Polar Sci, 2020, 31(4): 241-247, doi: 10.13679/j.advps.2020.0022
Articles
• Select
  Approximating home ranges of humpback and fin whales in Drake Passage and Antarctica

  José Luis ORGEIRA, Facundo ALVAREZ

  Advances in Polar Science. 2020, 31(4): 248-257. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2020.0014

  Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save

  Identifying home ranges—those areas traversed by individuals in their normal foraging, mating, and parenting activities—is an important aspect of cetacean study. Understanding these ranges facilitates identification of resource use and conservation. Fin and humpback whales occur in Antarctica during the austral summer, but information regarding their home ranges is limited. Using opportunistically collected whale sighting data from eight consecutive summer seasons spanning 2010–2017, we approximate the home ranges of humpback and fin whales around Drake Passage (DRA), West of Antarctic Peninsula (WAP), South Shetland Islands (SSI), an area northwest of the Weddell Sea (WED), and around the South Orkney Islands (SOI). Approximate home ranges are identified using Kernel Density Estimation (KDE). Most fin whales occurred north and northwest of the SOI, which suggests that waters near these islands support concentrations of this species. Most humpback whales were observed around the SSI, but unlike fin whales, their distributions were highly variable in other areas. KDE suggests spatial segregation in areas where both species exist such as SOI, SSI, and WPA. Partial redundancy analysis (pRDA) suggests that the distributions of these species are more affected by spatial variables (latitude, longitude) than by local scale variables such as sea surface temperature and depth. This study presents a visual approximation of the home ranges of fin and humpback whales, and identifies variation in the effects of space and environmental variables on the distributions of these whales at different spatial scales.
  
  Citation: Orgeira J L, Alvarez F. Approximating home ranges of humpback and fin whales in Drake Passage and Antarctica. Adv Polar Sci, 2020, 31(4): 248-257, doi: 10.13679/j.advps.2020.0014
• Select
  Installing a prototype wind turbine to produce energy in Antarctica to allow a permanent Colombian scientific base to be established

  Cesar Lozano JIMENEZ

  Advances in Polar Science. 2020, 31(4): 258-273. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2020.0031

  Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save

  This study was performed to support an expeditionary team of Colombian scientists seeking to promote and undertake research in various scientific fields in Antarctica. The work was part of the Colombian Antarctic program, which comprises various projects intended to lead to a permanent Colombian scientific base being established in the Antarctic. The first step involved installing a Colombian-made wind turbine to produce electricity at a permanent base. The aeolian turbine was designed to provide sufficient electricity to illuminate and heat a small base. The turbine was constructed using readily accessible materials but taking the Madrid Protocol environmental regulations into consideration. The project was performed at the Argentinian Antarctic Marambio Station on Seymour Island, off the Antarctic Peninsula. An initial field study performed in 2015 was the first of three phases of the project. In the initial phase, local meteorological data were gathered to support development of a prototype turbine and to allow a design to be selected that was robust enough for the extreme environmental conditions. The wind turbine was then constructed in Colombia. The second phase involved transporting the turbine to Antarctica and installing it at the Marambio Station in 2018. Finally, the physical conditions of structural and electronic components of the turbine were carefully inspected at the beginning of 2020 (after the turbine had operated continually for ~2 years) to allow repairs to be made and any necessary re-engineering to be performed.
  
  Citation: Jimenez C L. Installing a prototype wind turbine to produce energy in Antarctica to allow a permanent Colombian scientific base to be established. Adv Polar Sci, 2020, 31(4):258-273，doi:10.13679/j.advps.2020.0031
• Select
  Air pollutants and greenhouse gases emission inventory for power plants in the Antarctic

  Sergey KAKAREKA

  Advances in Polar Science. 2020, 31(4): 274-283. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2020.0032

  Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save

  The article is devoted to the assessment of emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases into the atmospheric air in Antarctica from power plants equipped with diesel generator sets, which are the main sources of energy at the Antarctic research stations and the main stationary sources of anthropogenic emissions in the Antarctic. A bottom-up approach to emission inventory for the Antarctic, which allows estimating emissions at various spatial levels by sequentially aggregating emission estimates from point emission sources, has been proposed and applied for the first time. Emissions of CO2, NOx, particulate matter (PM10) and CO by stations, geographical regions, natural domains, biogeographic regions, parts of the continent and the continent as a whole for the modern period were estimated. In the paper yearly emissions are described; the approach allows estimating of emissions of different averaging periods: in addition to yearly emissions, monthly, daily, hourly etc. can be obtained, as well as both averaged and maximum emissions. The estimates obtained can be used to model the transmission and dispersion of pollutants, assess impacts, and develop emission forecasts for various scenarios.
  
  Citation: Kakareka S. Air pollutants and greenhouse gases emission inventory for power plants in the Antarctic. Adv Polar Sci, 2020, 31(4): 274-283, doi: 10.13679/j.advps.2020.0032
Letters
• Select
  Are Antarctic Specially Protected Areas safe from plastic pollution? a survey of plastic litter at Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, Antarctica

  Pablo ALMELA, Sergi GONZALEZ

  Advances in Polar Science. 2020, 31(4): 284-290. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2020.0029

  Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save

  A number of studies have reported in the last decades the presence of plastics in the Southern Ocean, which are liable to reach the coast and accumulate on the Antarctic Continent. Despite this, there are few data on the amount of plastic pollution on Antarctic beaches below 60°S. Here we provide valuable information about the presence of plastic debris in Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, an Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA) and a hotspot for biodiversity. A total of 129 locations with between 1 and 5 items were recorded among the 3 survey sites on Byers Peninsula. Most of the observed items are likely to derive from fishing and local sources such as tourism and research activities. We discuss the potential impacts of their presence on local fauna and some of the consequences on the Antarctic ecosystem. From this survey of plastic accumulation in an ASPA, we propose the implementation of mitigation strategies, such as systematic monitoring of the abundance and distribution of plastic waste, in order to identify trends in marine debris and control the levels of plastic pollution in the Maritime Antarctic region.
  
  Citation: Almela P, Gonzalez S. Are Antarctic Specially Protected Areas safe from plastic pollution? a survey of plastic litter at Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, Antarctica. Adv Polar Sci, 2020, 31(4): 284-290, doi: 10.13679/j.advps.2020.0029
• Select
  Large spread across AeroCom Phase II models in simulating black carbon in melting snow over Arctic sea ice

  Shifeng PAN, Mingkeng DUAN

  Advances in Polar Science. 2020, 31(4): 291-298. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2020.0026

  Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save

  Over two dozen global atmospheric chemistry models contributing to the Aerosol Comparisons between Observations and Models (AeroCom) project were used in this study to drive the Los Alamos sea ice model to simulate the black carbon (BC) concentration in melting snow on Arctic sea ice. Measurements of BC during the melting season show concentrations in the range 2.8–41.6 ng·g⁻¹ (average: 15.3 ng·g⁻¹) in the central Arctic Ocean and Canada Basin. Most results from models contributing to the Phase I project were within the 25th and 75th percentiles of the observations, and the multimodel mean was slightly lower than that of the observations. In contrast, there was larger divergence among the Phase II model simulations and the mean value of BC was overestimated. The multimodel mean bias was −3.1 (−11.2 to +6.7) ng·g⁻¹ for Phase I models and +3.9 (−9.5 to +21.3) ng·g⁻¹ for Phase II models. The differences between the models of the two phases were probably attributable to the updated aerosol scheme in the new contributions, in which removal processes are parameterized by considering the actual dimensions and chemical compositions of the particles. This means the removal mechanism acts in a way that is more selective and leads to more BC particles being transported to the Arctic. In addition, higher spatial resolution could be another important reason for overestimation of BC concentration in snow in Phase II models.
  
  Citation: Pan S F, Duan M K. Large spread across AeroCom Phase II models in simulating black carbon in melting snow over Arctic sea ice. Adv Polar Sci, 2020, 31(4): 291-298, doi: 10.13679/j.advps.2020.0026
Contents
• Select
  Contents of Volume 31, 2020

  Assistant Editor

  Advances in Polar Science. 2020, 31(4): 299-301.

  Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save

  CONTENTS (Volume 31, 2020) Advances in Polar Science
  
  Issue 31 No 1
  Multi-sensor data merging of sea ice concentration and thickness
  Keguang WANG, Thomas LAVERGNE & Frode DINESSEN
  Evaluation of ArcIOPS sea ice forecasting products during the ninth CHINARE-Arctic in summer 2018
  LIANG Xi, ZHAO Fu, LI Chunhua, ZHANG Lin & LI Bingrui
  Features of sea ice motion observed with ice buoys from the central Arctic Ocean to Fram Strait
  HAN Hongwei, LEI Ruibo, LU Peng & LI Zhijun
  Laboratory experimental study of water drag force exerted on ridge keel
  ZU Yongheng, LU Peng, YU Miao, CAO Xiaowei & LI Zhijun
  A review of synoptic weather effects on sea ice outflow through Fram Strait: cyclone vs. anticyclone
  LIANG Yu, BI Haibo, WANG Yunhe, ZHANG Zehua, ZHANG Yi, LIU Yanxia & HUANG Haijun Atmospheric responses over Asia to sea ice loss in the Barents and Kara seas in mid–late winter and early spring: a perspective revealed from CMIP5 data
  HAN Zhe & LI Shuanglin
  Characterization of the parent and hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the soil of the Fildes Peninsula, Antarctica
  LI Ruijing, GAO Yunze, GAO Hui, JIN Shuaichen, CAO Shengkai, YE Jiandong & NA Guangshui
  An assessment of the impacts of diesel power plants on air quality in Antarctica
  Sergey KAKAREKA & Sviatlana SALIVONCHYK
  New category, Opinion Editorial, attracts more attention from the international polar community
  
  Issue 31 No 2
  Arctic environmental change research and Antarctic studies have mutual benefits
  Outi MEINANDER
  Surface ozone variations at the Great Wall Station, Antarctica during austral summer
  Justin SENTIAN, Franky HERMAN, Mohd Sharul MOHD NADZIR & Vivian Kong WAN YEE
  Tropical–Antarctic connections of an explosive cyclone in southern Brazil: rainfall stable isotope ratios and atmospheric analysis
  Pedro Amaral REIS, Francisco Eliseu AQUINO, Venisse SCHOSSLER, Ronaldo Torma BERNARDO & Jefferson Cardia SIMÕES
  Effects of the sunscreen ultraviolet filter, oxybenzone, on green microalgae
  Ming-Li TEOH, Nur Suhaida SANUSI, Ching-Yee WONG & John BEARDALL
  Effects of elevated temperatures on growth and photosynthetic performance of polar Chlorella
  Syazana ANUWAR, Ming-Li TEOH, Wei-Hsum YAP, Fong-Lee NG & Siew-Moi PHANG
  The growth of the Rhodococcus sp. on diesel fuel under the effect of heavy metals and different concentrations of zinc
  Eg Xiang KAI, Wan Lutfi WAN JOHARI, Syahir HABIB, Nur Adeela YASID, Siti Aqlima AHMAD & Mohd Yunus SHUKOR
  Structure and function of a novel cold regulated cold shock domain containing protein from an obligate psychrophilic yeast, Glaciozyma antarctica
  Jennifer CHARLES, Makdi MASNODDIN, Farhan NAZAIE & Nur Athirah YUSOF
  Genome of a thermophilic bacterium Geobacillus sp. TFV3 from Deception Island, Antarctica
  Xin Jie CHING, Chui Peng TEOH, Dexter J. H. LEE, Marcelo GONZÁLEZ-ARAVENA, Nazalan NAJIMUDIN, Yoke Kqueen CHEAH, Paris LAVIN & Clemente Michael Vui Ling WONG
  
  Issue 31 No 3
  The SPLASH Action Group – Towards standardized sampling strategies in permafrost science
  Frédéric BOUCHARD, Yannick AGNAN, Lisa BRÖDER, Julien FOUCHÉ, Catherine HIRST, Ylva SJÖBERG & the SPLASH team
  Hybrid energy module for remote environmental observations, experiments, and communications
  Misha B. KRASSOVSKI, Jeffery S. RIGGS, Chris TAVINO, Stan D. WULLSCHLEGER & Susan L. HEINZ
  Carbon dioxide fluxes of tundra vegetation communities on an esker top in the low-Arctic
  Peter M. LAFLEUR, A. Brett CAMPEAU & Sohee KANG
  Effects of sunlight on tundra nitrous oxide and methane fluxes in maritime Antarctica
  BAO Tao, ZHU Renbin, YE Wenjuan & XU Hu
  Spatial variation in grain-size population of surface sediments from northern Bering Sea and western Arctic Ocean: implications for provenance and depositional mechanisms
  WANG Weiguo, YANG Jichao, ZHAO Mengwei, DONG Linsen, JIANG Min & HUANG Erhui
  First description of scleractinian corals from the Santa Marta and Snow Hill Island (Gamma Member) formations, Upper Cretaceous, James Ross Island, Antarctica
  Roberto VIDEIRA-SANTOS, Sandro Marcelo SCHEFFLER, Luiza Corral Martins de Oliveira PONCIANO, Luiz Carlos WEINSCHÜTZ, Rodrigo Giesta FIGUEIREDO, Taissa RODRIGUES, Juliana Manso SAYÃO, Douglas Santos RIFF & Alexander Wilhelm Armin KELLNER
  Sleep architecture, periodic breathing and mood disturbance of expeditioners at Kunlun Station (4087 m) in Antarctica
  XU Chengli, LIU Shiying, KONG Zhanping & CHEN Nan
  Sino-Russian cooperation on the sustainable utilization of Arctic biological resources: modernizing traditional knowledge
  Ying LUO, Li YANG, Andrew Alexandrovich LOBANOV, Sergei Vasilevich ANDRONOV & Lidiya Petrovna LOBANOVA
  
  Issue 31 No 4
  Evaluation of the Polar Code in different environments and for different maritime activities in the two polar regions
  Meric KARAHALIL & Burcu OZSOY
  Nitrous oxide research progress in polar and sub-polar oceans
  ZHAN Liyang, ZHANG Jiexia, LI Yuhong & WU Man
  Approximating home ranges of humpback and fin whales in Drake Passage and Antarctica
  José Luis ORGEIRA & Facundo ALVAREZ
  Installing a prototype wind turbine to produce energy in Antarctica to allow a permanent Colombian scientific base to be established
  Cesar Lozano JIMENEZ
  Air pollutants and greenhouse gases emission inventory for power plants in the Antarctic
  Sergey KAKAREKA
  Are Antarctic Specially Protected Areas safe from plastic pollution? a survey of plastic litter at Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, Antarctica
  Pablo ALMELA & Sergi GONZALEZ
  Large spread across AeroCom Phase II models in simulating black carbon in melting snow over Arctic sea ice
  PAN Shifeng & DUAN Mingkeng
  Contents of Volume 31, 2020