31 March 2020, Volume 31 Issue 1

    

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  Contents Vol. 31 No. 1 March 2020

  Editorial Office of Advances in Polar Science

  Advances in Polar Science. 2020, 31(1): 0-0.

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  Thematic papers on “Sea ice observations and modeling in China and Norway”
  
  Foreword
  
  Multi-sensor data merging of sea ice concentration and thickness......1
  Keguang WANG, Thomas LAVERGNE & Frode DINESSEN
  
  Evaluation of ArcIOPS sea ice forecasting products during the ninth CHINARE-Arctic in summer 2018......14
  LIANG Xi, ZHAO Fu, LI Chunhua, ZHANG Lin & LI Bingrui
  
  Features of sea ice motion observed with ice buoys from the central Arctic Ocean to Fram Strait......26
  HAN Hongwei, LEI Ruibo, LU Peng & LI Zhijun
  
  Laboratory experimental study of water drag force exerted on ridge keel......36
  ZU Yongheng, LU Peng, YU Miao, CAO Xiaowei & LI Zhijun
  
  A review of synoptic weather effects on sea ice outflow through Fram Strait: cyclone vs. anticyclone......43
  LIANG Yu, BI Haibo, WANG Yunhe, ZHANG Zehua, ZHANG Yi, LIU Yanxia & HUANG Haijun
  
  Atmospheric responses over Asia to sea ice loss in the Barents and Kara seas in mid–late winter and early spring: a perspective revealed from CMIP5 data......55
  HAN Zhe & LI Shuanglin
  
  Articles
  Characterization of the parent and hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the soil of the Fildes Peninsula, Antarctica......64
  LI Ruijing, GAO Yunze, GAO Hui, JIN Shuaichen, CAO Shengkai, YE Jiandong & NA Guangshui
  
  An assessment of the impacts of diesel power plants on air quality in Antarctica......74
  Sergey KAKAREKA & Sviatlana SALIVONCHYK
  
  New category, Editorial Opinion, attracts more attention from the international polar community......88
  
  Cover picture: View of one L (large) site of the MOSAiC (Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate) campaign, the first year-round expedition into the central Arctic Ocean to explicitly study the Arctic climate system, with the background of scientists deploying the ice-tethered buoys, e.g., Unmanned ice station, AOFB, IMB, ITP, etc (Photo by Ruibo Lei on 5 Oct. 2019).
Foreword
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  Foreword

  Editorial Office of Advances in Polar Science

  Advances in Polar Science. 2020, 31(1): 0-1.

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  The rapid decline of Arctic sea ice is one of the most prominent climate changes of our time. This change, on one side, generates considerable impact on the local and global environment, affecting ecosystems and human living conditions. On the other side, the decrease of Arctic sea ice provides new opportunities for fishing, shipping, and natural resource exploration in the Arctic. How to mitigate the negative effects while at the same time effectively utilize the emerging opportunities is an important issue that the climate research community can address to benefit our whole society.
  
  Due to the limited access to the polar regions, it remains a great challenge to make in-situ observation. This hinders deeper understanding and comprehensive modeling of polar climate changes. In the recent decade, with the marked development and application of satellite remote sensing technologies, autonomous platforms, and considerable effort of in-situ observations such as the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC), observations of Arctic sea ice have been significantly improved. As a result, there have been some promising progress in the understanding and prediction of the polar climate system, and in particular sea ice. However, there is still a long way to go in order to satisfactorily understand and predict polar climate processes on longer terms.
  
  With such growing needs and ongoing difficulties, it is highly desirable to promote international collaboration for exchanging knowledge and sharing data from polar region studies. “The first China-Norway Bilateral Workshop on Polar Observations and Modeling” is such an initiative, held in Tromsø, Norway in June 2018. The workshop targeted enhancing our knowledge of polar climate as well as using existing knowledge for better operational services. The six papers published in this Special Issue are part of that effort, with the main focus on Arctic sea ice. The papers stem from the presentations during the workshop along with some other submissions that are closely related to the workshop. The topics cover management of remotely sensed sea ice data, operational sea ice forecasting, laboratory study of water drag on ridge keels, and interaction of atmosphere and sea ice in the Arctic. We believe the outcome of the workshop and the publication of this Special Issue will be a helpful contribution for promoting China-Norway collaboration on polar climate studies and operational services.
  
  Finally, we would like to thank all the workshop participants, and all the authors and reviewers, for their contributions to the workshop and to this Special Issue.
  
  Guest Editors:
  Keguang Wang, Mats Granskog, Nick Hughes, Chunhua Li, Ruibo Lei, Qun Li
Articles
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  Multi-sensor data merging of sea ice concentration and thickness

  Keguang WANG, Thomas LAVERGNE, Frode DINESSEN

  Advances in Polar Science. 2020, 31(1): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2019.0016

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  With the rapid change in the Arctic sea ice, a large number of sea ice observations have been collected in recent years, and it is expected that an even larger number of such observations will emerge in the coming years. To make the best use of these observations, in this paper we develop a multi-sensor optimal data merging (MODM) method to merge any number of different sea ice observations. Since such merged data are independent on model forecast, they are valid for model initialization and model validation. Based on the maximum likelihood estimation theory, we prove that any model assimilated with the merged data is equivalent to assimilating the original multi-sensor data. This greatly facilitates sea ice data assimilation, particularly for operational forecast with limited computational resources. We apply the MODM method to merge sea ice concentration (SIC) and sea ice thickness (SIT), respectively, in the Arctic. For SIC merging, the Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS) and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) data are merged together with the Norwegian Ice Service ice chart. This substantially reduces the uncertainties at the ice edge and in the coastal areas. For SIT merging, the daily Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) data is merged with the weekly-mean merged CryoSat-2 and SMOS (CS2SMOS) data. This generates a new daily CS2SMOS SIT data with better spatial coverage for the whole Arctic.
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  Evaluation of ArcIOPS sea ice forecasting products during the ninth CHINARE-Arctic in summer 2018

  Xi LIANG, Fu ZHAO, Chunhua LI, Lin ZHANG, Bingrui LI

  Advances in Polar Science. 2020, 31(1): 14-25. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2019.0019

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  Numerical sea ice forecasting products during the ninth Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition (CHINARE- Arctic) from Arctic Ice Ocean Prediction System (ArcIOPS) of National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center are evaluated against satellite-retrieved sea ice concentration data, in-situ sea ice thickness observations, and sea ice products from Pan-Arctic Ice Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System (PIOMAS). The results show that ArcIOPS forecasts reliable sea ice concentration and thickness evolution. Deviations of the 168 h sea ice concentration and thickness forecasts with respect to the observations are less than 0.2 and 0.36 m. Comparison between outputs of the latest version of ArcIOPS and that of its previous version shows that the latest version has a substantial improvement on sea ice concentration forecasts due to data assimilation of new observational component, the sea surface temperature. Meanwhile, the sea ice volume product of the latest version is more close to the PIOMAS product. In the future, with more and more kinds of observations to be assimilated, the high-resolution version of ArcIOPS will be put into operational running and benefit Chinese scientific and commercial activities in the Arctic Ocean.
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  Features of sea ice motion observed with ice buoys from the central Arctic Ocean to Fram Strait

  Hongwei HAN, Ruibo LEI, Peng LU, Zhijun LI​

  Advances in Polar Science. 2020, 31(1): 26-35. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2019.0020

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  Using six ice-tethered buoys deployed in 2012, we analyzed sea ice motion in the central Arctic Ocean and Fram Strait. The two-hourly buoy-derived ice velocities had a magnitude range of 0.01–0.80 m·s⁻¹, although ice velocities within the Arctic Basin were generally less than 0.4 m·s⁻¹. Complex Fourier transformation showed that the amplitudes of the sea ice velocities had a non-symmetric inertial oscillation. These inertial oscillations were characterized by a strong peak at a frequency of approximately −2 cycle·d⁻¹ on the Fourier velocity spectrum. Wind was a main driving force for ice motion, characterized by a linear relationship between ice velocity and 10-m wind speed. Typically, the ice velocity was about 1.4% of the 10-m wind speed. Our analysis of ice velocity and skin temperature showed that ice velocity increased by nearly 2% with each 10 ℃ increase in skin temperature. This was likely related to weakened ice strength under increasing temperature. The ice-wind turning angle was also correlated with 10-m wind speed and skin temperature. When the wind speed was less than 12 m·s⁻¹ or skin temperature was less than −30 ℃, the ice-wind turning angle decreased with either increasing wind speed or skin temperature. Clearly, sea ice drift in the central Arctic Ocean and Fram Strait is dependent upon seasonal changes in both temperature and wind speed.
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  Laboratory experimental study of water drag force exerted on ridge keel

  Yongheng ZU, Peng LU​, Miao YU, Xiaowei CAO, Zhijun LI

  Advances in Polar Science. 2020, 31(1): 36-42. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2019.0026

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  With the diminishing Arctic sea ice, the dynamic energy-exchange process between sea ice and ocean gains in importance. Concerning how the ice bottom topography affects the drift of sea ice, it is unclear how the ridge–keel-drag force exerted by seawater changes the momentum balance of sea ice. We thus conducted laboratory experiments to investigate how the local drag coefficient of the ridge keel depends on keel shape and on the relative velocity of ice with respect to seawater. A dimensional analysis is used to obtain the relationship between the local drag coefficient Cr, the Reynolds number Re, the dimensionless keel depth h0, and the keel slope angle φ. The results indicate that the local drag coefficient Cr is only relevant to Re when Re < 4000 and the flow is in the laminar regime. With increasing Re, Cr depends on h0 and φ, which are independent variables, as the flow transitions to the turbulent regime. The parameterization formulas for Cr are also provided.
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  A review of synoptic weather effects on sea ice outflow through Fram Strait: cyclone vs. anticyclone

  Yu LIANG, Haibo BI, Yunhe WANG, Zehua ZHANG, Yi ZHANG, Yanxia LIU​, Haijun HUANG

  Advances in Polar Science. 2020, 31(1): 43-54. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2019.0023

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  Sea ice outflow through Fram Strait is a vital component of the sea ice mass balance of the Arctic Ocean. Previous studies have examined the role of large-scale modes of atmospheric circulation variability such as the Arctic Oscillation, North Atlantic Oscillation, and Dipole Anomaly in the movement of sea ice. This review emphasizes the distinct impacts of synoptic weather on sea ice export as well as on other relevant fields (i.e., sea ice concentration and sea ice drift). We identify deficiencies in previous studies that should be addressed, and we summarize potential research subjects that should be investigated to further our understanding of the relationship between synoptic weather and sea ice export via Fram Strait. For example, the connection between summertime anticyclones and weakened potential vorticity related to the observed extensive spring Eurasian snow and Siberian Ocean sea ice loss is of considerable interest. In-depth exploration of this type of geophysical mechanism will be particularly useful in assessment of the robustness of such linkages inferred through statistical analyses.
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  Atmospheric responses over Asia to sea ice loss in the Barents and Kara seas in mid–late winter and early spring: a perspective revealed from CMIP5 data

  Zhe HAN​, Shuanglin LI

  Advances in Polar Science. 2020, 31(1): 55-63. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2018.0051

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  This study investigated atmospheric responses in mid–late winter and early spring to sea ice loss in the Barents and Kara seas using regressions of the January–March mean atmosphere on Barents and Kara sea ice area in November and December. Similar atmospheric circulation responses were obtained from reanalysis data and multimodel ensemble results from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5, i.e., sea ice anomalies are the dominant factor driving the overlying atmosphere. The results showed that an Arctic–Asia dipole structure, with opposite anomalies over the mid-latitudes of Asia and over the adjoining Arctic, appears to be the key atmospheric circulation anomaly influencing the East Asian climate in mid–late winter and early spring.
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  Characterization of the parent and hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the soil of the Fildes Peninsula, Antarctica

  LI Ruijing, GAO Yunze, GAO Hui, JIN Shuaichen, CAO Shengkai, YE Jiandong, NA Guangshui

  Advances in Polar Science. 2020, 31(1): 64-73. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2019.0037

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  Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) were investigated in the soil of the Fildes Peninsula, Antarctica. Various analytes were detected, and the concentration of OH-PAHs was 0.300–1.847 ng·g⁻¹ dry weight, with the dominant components being danthron and 1-hydroxy-phenanthrene. The relationship between soil total organic matter (TOM), OH-PAHs, and the parent PAHs in the soil was studied. No significant correlation was detected between the spatial distribution of OH-PAHs and the occurrence of PAHs, whereas a positive correlation with TOM was found.
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  An assessment of the impacts of diesel power plants on air quality in Antarctica

  Sergey KAKAREKA, Sviatlana SALIVONCHYK

  Advances in Polar Science. 2020, 31(1): 74-87. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2019.0029

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  This study assessed the effects of diesel generators on air quality in the Antarctic. These devices are the primary energy sources for Antarctic research stations and the main stationary sources of anthropogenic emissions in this region. Taking the Vecherny Oasis, Enderby Land, East Antarctica as an example, NO_x, SO₂ and PM₁₀ emissions were estimated and surface concentrations of these same pollutants as well as the dry deposition of PM₁₀ were calculated for various periods of exploration of the oasis, based on generator capacities. Estimated values were compared with air quality standards and background air concentrations. The areas associated with increased maximum hourly surface concentrations of SO₂, NO₂ and PM₁₀ over the past 30 a were found to have been reduced by factors of 43–55, 9–16 and 13–27, respectively. The region affected by increased maximum monthly PM₁₀ deposition has been reduced by a factor of 7. Emissions, surface concentrations and dry depositions in the Vecherny Oasis were calculated for diesel generators in the same power range as used at Antarctic research stations. The most powerful diesel generator currently scheduled to be installed in this region was predicted to generate maximum hourly NO₂ concentrations above 50 μg·m⁻³, which is 13 times greater than current levels. The area over which the PM₁₀ deposition rate will exceed 10 mg·m⁻²·month⁻¹ will be increased by a factor of 40. The technique employed herein has been demonstrated to be applicable to the preliminary assessment of stationary sources of pollutant emissions in Antarctica, including retrospective assessments.
  
News
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  New category, Editorial Opinion, attracts more attention from the international polar community

  Editorial Office of Advances in Polar Science

  Advances in Polar Science. 2020, 31(1): 88-88.

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  The Polar Research Institute of China (PRIC), publishes the Journal of Advances in Polar Science (APS, www.aps-polar.org). The primary objective of APS is to publish achievements in fundamental research, applied research and high-technology research focused or based on the polar regions, and to report the latest discoveries, inventions, theories and methodologies in polar research. The scope of the journal covers a range of polar disciplines including glaciology, oceanography, atmospheric science, space physics, geology, geophysics, geochemistry, biology and ecology, medicine, Antarctic astronomy, environmental science and engineering and technology as well as polar social science, information service and management. APS also publishes occasional “Special Issues” on specific polar research themes.
  
  A new category of papers, the Opinion Editorial (Op-Ed), was introduced in 2017 and is attracting the attention of the international polar community. Dr. Senior Honorary Research Fellow, Roger J. Braithwaite from School of Environment, Education and Development, the University of Manchester comments that this is a most welcome initiative. Readers are welcome to query and discuss on each article by E-mail directly with the corresponding authors. Up to now, five opinion editorials have been published:
  
  Optical remote sensing of snow fraction—status and future prospects (Igor Appel, USA; 2017, Vol. 28, No.4)
  
  Polar science needs a foundation: where is the research into polar infrastructure? (Adrian McCallum, Australia; 2018, Vol. 29, No.1)
  
  Towards truly integrated modeling and observing of marine ice sheets (David Gwyther, Australia; 2018, Vol. 29, No.4)
  
  T-MOSAiC—A new circumpolar collaboration (Diogo Folhas, João Canário, Warwick F. Vincent, Portugal and Canada; 2019, Vol. 30, No.4)
  
  The importance of long-term research and monitoring in the Ross Sea (Bod Zuur, New Zealand; 2019, Vol. 30, No.4)
  
  Op-Ed can be a statement of the opinion of a named author or authors (not necessarily affiliated with the editorial board) with a maximum of 1500 words (a maximum length of 2 printed pages). It provides a forum for comment on the status and/or deficiencies on any aspect of polar science, reflects on recent innovation or progress, promotes internationally collaborative polar science projects, etc. Op-Ed is directly reviewed by EICs with final decision without peer review by expert referrers.