13 December 2019, Volume 30 Issue 4

    

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  Contents Vol. 30 No. 4 December 2019

  Advances in Polar Science. 2019, 30(4): 0-0.

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  Opinion Editorials
  
  T-MOSAiC—A new circumpolar collaboration 357
  Diogo FOLHAS, João CANÁRIO & Warwick F. VINCENT
  
  The importance of long-term research and monitoring in the Ross Sea 359
  Bob ZUUR
  
  Review
  
  Newly established autonomous adaptive low-power instrument platform (AAL-PIP) chain on East Antarctic Plateau and operation 362
  Zhonghua XU, Michael D. HARTINGER, Robert CLAUER, Daniel WEIMER, Kshitija DESHPANDE, Hyomin KIM, Stephen MUSKO, Anna WILLER, Thomas EDWARDS, Shane COYLE, Yuxiang PENG, Dong LIN & John BOWMAN
  
  Articles
  
  Very low biodiversity of top predators—seabirds and marine mammals—in the high Arctic Ocean 375
  Claude R. JOIRIS
  
  Methane increase over the Barents and Kara seas after the autumn pycnocline breakdown: satellite observations 382
  Leonid YURGANOV, Frank MULLER-KARGER & Ira LEIFER
  
  On the determination and simulation of seawater freezing point temperature under high pressure 391
  YAN Liangjun, WANG Zhaomin, LIU Chengyan & WU Yang
  
  Estimation of ice resistance and sensitivity analysis for an icebreaker 399
  FAN Tao, YU Chenfang & JIANG Yongxu
  
  Letter
  
  Anomalous extensive landfast sea ice in the vicinity of Inexpressible Island, Antarctica 406
  ZHAI Mengxi, ZHAO Tiancheng, HUI Fengming, CHENG Xiao, LIU Aobo, YUAN Jiawei, YU Yining & DING Yifan
  
  Contents of Volume 30, 2019
  
  Cover picture: This is the temporary campsite during the installation of the autonomous low power space weather monitoring system on the East Antarctic Plateau. The closest support is over 800 kilometers away from the South Pole Station (paper by Xu Z H, et al., page 362).
Opinion Editorial
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  T-MOSAiC–A new circumpolar collaboration

  Diogo FOLHAS, João CANÁRIO, Warwick F. VINCENT

  Advances in Polar Science. 2019, 30(4): 357-358. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2019.0027

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  The importance of long-term research and monitoring in the Ross Sea

  Bob ZUUR

  Advances in Polar Science. 2019, 30(4): 359-361. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2019.0025

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  Note: Queries and discussions on this article should be made by E-mail directly with the corresponding author.
Reviews
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  Newly established autonomous adaptive low-power instrument platform (AAL-PIP) chain on East Antarctic Plateau and operation

  Zhonghua XU, Michael D HARTINGER, Robert CLAUER, Daniel WEIMER, Kshitija DESHPANDE, Hyomin KIM, Stephen MUSKO, Anna WILLER, Thomas EDWARDS, Shane COYLE, Yuxiang PENG, Dong LIN, John BOWMAN

  Advances in Polar Science. 2019, 30(4): 362-374. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2019.0028

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  An autonomous adaptive low-power instrument platform (AAL-PIP) chain of six stations has been newly established on East Antarctic Plateau along the 40° geomagnetic meridian, to investigate interhemispheric geomagnetically conjugate current systems, waves, and other space weather phenomena in Polar Regions. These six stations, PG0 to PG5, which host low-power magnetometers (Fluxgate and Searchcoil), dual frequency GPS receivers, HF radio experiment, and run autonomously with solar power and two-way satellite communication, are designated at the geomagnetically conjugate (based on the International Geomagnetic Reference Field) locations of the West Greenland geomagnetic chain covering magnetic latitudes from 70° to 80°. We present the development, deployment, and operation of this chain, as well as the data collected by the chain and some preliminary scientific results showing evidence of interhemispheric asymmetries, which are important to better understand Solar Wind–Magnetosphere–Ionosphere (SWMI) coupling in Polar Regions. Recent investigations focus on magnetic impulse (MI) events, traveling convection vortices (TCVs), and ultra-low frequency (ULF) waves in the coupled southern and northern hemispheres.
Articles
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  Very low biodiversity of top predators—seabirds and marine mammals—in the high Arctic Ocean

  Claude R. JOIRIS

  Advances in Polar Science. 2019, 30(4): 375-381. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2019.0022

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  During the ARK-XXIII/3 expedition of icebreaking RV Polarstern in the high Arctic Ocean (partim north of 73°N) from 25 August to 10 October 2008, 550 transect counts lasting 30 min were devoted to seabird and marine mammal counts from the bridge. In the whole area, the three most numerous species, kittiwake Rissa tridactyla, fulmar Fulmarus glacialis and Brünnich’s guillemot Uria lomvia represented 90% of the total of 12000 individuals registered, followed by ivory gull Pagophila eburnea, black guillemot Cepphus grylle and Ross’s gull Rodostethia rosea. Four geographical zones were recognized on the basis of number of species and density. Both were especially low in the deeper areas (mean depth of 3000 m), both ice-free and heavily ice-covered: 0.3 birds per 30 min count belonging to three and four species respectively. The most numerous species was kittiwake with 0.25 per count (50 individuals) in the ice-covered area. Pinniped numbers were very low as well, the most numerous of the four species tallied being 20 harp seals Phoca groenlandica and 10 ringed seal Pusa hispida. Seven polar bears Ursus maritimus were encountered. These observations were basically confirmed during 12 helicopter flights lasting one hour each with very low numbers: 50 kittiwakes and 13 harp seals, almost none in the ice-covered deep zone. A comparison between data obtained from ship and from helicopter seems however to reflect the importance of seabird followers including for long distances. The only cetaceans were two adult belugas Delphinapterus leucas tallied from helicopter.
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  Methane increase over the Barents and Kara seas after the autumn pycnocline breakdown: satellite observations

  Leonid YURGANOV, Frank MULLER-KARGER, Ira LEIFER

  Advances in Polar Science. 2019, 30(4): 382-390. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2019.0024

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  Seven operative thermal infrared (TIR) spectrometers launched at sun-synchronous polar orbits supply huge amounts of information about Arctic methane (CH₄) year-round, day and night. TIR data are unique for estimating CH₄ emissions from a warming Arctic, both terrestrial and marine. This report is based on publicly available CH₄ concentrations retrieved by NOAA and NASA from spectra of TIR radiation delivered by EU IASI and US AIRS sounders. Data were filtered for high thermal contrast in the troposphere. Validation versus aircraft measurements at three US continental sites reveal a reduced, but still significant sensitivity to CH₄ anomalies in the troposphere below 4 km of altitude. The focus area is the Barents and Kara seas (BKS). BKS is impacted with warm Atlantic water and mostly free of sea ice. It is a shelf area with vast deposits of oil and natural gas (~90% CH₄), as well as methane hydrates and submarine permafrost. Although in summer AIRS and IASI observe no significant difference in CH₄ between BKS and N. Atlantic, a strong, monthly positive CH4 spatial anomaly of up to 30 ppb occurs during late autumn–winter. One of explanations of this increase is a fall/winter pycnocline breakdown after a period of blocked mixing caused by a stable density seawater stratification in summer: enhanced mixing lets CH₄ to reach the sea surface and atmosphere.
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  On the determination and simulation of seawater freezing point temperature under high pressure

  Liangjun YAN, Zhaomin WANG, Chengyan LIU, Yang WU

  Advances in Polar Science. 2019, 30(4): 391-398. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2019.0018

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  At present, it is believed that the freezing point temperature of seawater is a function of salinity and pressure, and the freezing point is a key parameter in a coupled air-sea-ice system. Generally, empirical formulas or methods are used to calculate the freezing point of seawater. Especially in high-pressure situations, e.g., under a thick ice sheet or ice shelf, the pressure term must be taken into account in the determination of seawater freezing point temperature. This study summarized various methods that have been used to calculate seawater freezing point with high pressure. The methods that were employed in two ocean-ice models were also assessed. We identified the disadvantages of these methods used in these two models and addressed the corresponding uncertainties of the freezing point temperature formulas. This study provides useful information on the calculation of the freezing point temperature in numerical modeling and indicates a need to investigate the sensitivity of numerical simulations to the uncertainties in the freezing point temperature in future.
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  Estimation of ice resistance and sensitivity analysis for an icebreaker

  Tao FAN, Chenfang YU, Yongxu JIANG

  Advances in Polar Science. 2019, 30(4): 399-405. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2019.0010

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  The Lindqvist method is adopted to estimate the ice resistance for an icebreaker. The accuracy of the method is evaluated in a comparison of the calculated results with model test results. In addition to the estimation of ice resistance, a sensitivity analysis based on the Lindqvist method is carried out. A full parametric model developed using CAESES software allows the convenient construction of many new hull lines. The primary factors relevant to ice resistance are embedded as design parameters in the full parametric model. Meanwhile, response surface methodology is adopted to give better insight into new hull lines. Results show that the ice resistance is more sensitive to the rake angle and waterline entrance angle. The aim of the present study is to improve the techniques of designing the hull forms of icebreakers.
Letters
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  Anomalous extensive landfast sea ice in the vicinity of Inexpressible Island, Antarctica

  Mengxi ZHAI, Tiancheng ZHAO, Fengming HUI, Xiao CHENG, Aobo LIU, Jiawei YUAN, Yining YU, Yifan DING

  Advances in Polar Science. 2019, 30(4): 406-411. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2018.0044

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  On 10 December 2017, a Chinese research vessel R/N Xuelong encountered an extensive area of landfast ice offshore Inexpressible Island (Antarctica) near the location where the fifth Chinese Antarctic research station is to be built. Using multi-source satellite images and weather data, we analyzed the ice conditions during the event season and reconstructed the development of landfast ice. Two stages in late September and early October were identified as contributing to the final ice extent. These two events are highly related to local- and large-scale weather conditions. Satellite images from 2003 to 2017 showed that four in fifteen years experienced severe landfast ice conditions, suggesting that it is not a rare phenomenon.
Contents
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  Contents Volume 30 2019

  Advances in Polar Science. 2019, 30(4): 413-415.

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  Advances in Polar Science
  
  CONTENTS (Volume 30, 2019)
  
  Number 1
  
  The Asian Forum for Polar Sciences: An assessment of regional cooperation
  Andrea COLOMBO
  Interplanetary shock-associated aurora
  LIU Jianjun, HU Hongqiao, HAN Desheng & YANG Huigen
  A characteristic study of humic acids isolated from Arctic fjord sediments
  Jennees MATHEW, Aswathy SHAJI, Anu GOPINATH, Kottekkattu Padinchati KRISHNAN, Sanil Vadakkan LOUIS & Anoop Pullarkkat PRADEEP
  Role of lithology, weathering and precipitation on water chemistry of lakes from Larsemann Hills and Schirmacher Oasis of East Antarctica
  Rajesh ASTHANA, Prakash K SHRIVASTAVA, Hari B SRIVASTAVA, Ashit K SWAIN, Mirza Javed BEG & Amit DHARWADKAR
  Constraints on early Paleozoic magmatic processes and tectonic setting of Inexpressible Island, Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica
  CHEN Hong, WANG Wei & ZHAO Yue
  Characterizing three-dimensional feat
  ures of Antarctic subglacial lakes from the inversion of hydraulic potential—Lake Vostok as a case study
  LI Yan, LU Yang, ZHANG Zizhan, SHI Hongling & XI Hui
  Terahertz atmospheric windows for high angular resolution terahertz astronomy from Dome A
  Hiroshi MATSUO, Shengcai SHI, Scott PAINE, Qijun YAO & Zhenhui LIN
  
  Number 2
  
  Interaction of diabatic processes, large-scale eddies and the mean atmospheric circulation over the Atlantic, Arctic and Eurasia
  Ralf JAISER, Dörthe HANDORF & Klaus DETHLOFF
  Surface energy balance on the Antarctic plateau as measured with an automatic weather station during 2014
  DING Minghu, Anubha AGRAWAL, Petra HEIL & YANG Diyi
  An open-source albedo-wand for the measurement of sea ice albedo
  Christian KATLEIN
  Modified Rammsonde tests in layered compacted snow
  ZHUANG Feng, LU Peng, LI Zhijun, HAN Hongwei & LI Wei
  Investigation of PMSE echoes characteristics using the discontinuous EISCAT UHF observation and its relation with space environment
  Abdur RAUF, LI Hailong, Safi ULLAH, WANG Maoyan & MENG Lin
  Effects of vegetation on the structure and diversity of soil bacterial communities in the Arctic tundra
  MA Yue, WANG Nengfei, WANG Shuang, HAN Wenbing, LIU Jie, YU Yong, GUO Li & YANG Guanpin
  Early Cenozoic diorite and diabase from Doumer Island, Antarctic Peninsula: zircon U-Pb geochronology, petrogenesis and tectonic implications
  CUI Jiawei, HU Jianmin, PEI Junling, CHEN Hong, DU Xingxing & WEI Lijie
  
  Number 3
  
  Foreword
  Mesozoic and Cenozoic microbiotas from the eastern Antarctic Peninsula: adaptation to a changing palaeoenvironment
  Cecilia R. AMENÁBAR, Andrea CARAMÉS, Susana ADAMONIS, Ana DOLDAN, Gabriel MACEIRAS & Andrea CONCHEYRO
  Paleobiological significance of the James Ross Basin
  J. Alistair CRAME
  The fossil record of durophagous predation in the James Ross Basin over the last 125 million years
  Elizabeth M. HARPER, J. Alistair CRAME & Alice M PULLEN
  Cretaceous Antarctic plesiosaurs: stratigraphy, systematics and paleobiogeography
  José Patricio O’GORMAN, Rodrigo OTERO, Marcelo REGUERO & Zulma GASPARINI
  Late Cretaceous non-avian dinosaurs from the James Ross Basin, Antarctica: description of new material, updated synthesis, biostratigraphy, and paleobiogeography
  Matthew C. LAMANNA, Judd A. CASE, Eric M. ROBERTS, Victoria M. ARBOUR, Ricardo C. ELY, Steven W. SALISBURY, Julia A. CLARKE, D. Edward MALINZAK, Abagael R. WEST & Patrick M. O’CONNOR
  The fossil record of birds from the James Ross Basin, West Antarctica
  Carolina ACOSTA HOSPITALECHE, Piotr JADWISZCZAK, Julia A. CLARKE & Marcos CENIZO
  The fossil record of Antarctic land mammals: commented review and hypotheses for future research
  Javier N. GELFO, Francisco J. GOIN, Nicolás BAUZÁ & Marcelo REGUERO
  Eocene Antarctica: a window into the earliest history of modern whales
  Mónica R. BUONO, R. Ewan FORDYCE, Felix G. MARX, Marta S. FERNÁNDEZ & Marcelo A. REGUERO
  Late Maastrichtian–Paleocene chronostratigraphy from Seymour Island, James Ross Basin, Antarctic Peninsula: Eustatic controls on sedimentation
  Manuel MONTES, Elisabet BEAMUD, Francisco NOZAL & Sergio SANTILLANA
  Antarctic Paleontological Heritage: Late Cretaceous–Paleogene vertebrates from Seymour (Marambio) Island, Antarctic Peninsula
  Marcelo A. REGUERO
  Inviting contributions to Special Issue in 2020
  
  Number 4
  
  T-MOSAiC—A new circumpolar collaboration
  Diogo FOLHAS, João CANÁRIO & Warwick F. VINCENT
  The importance of long-term research and monitoring in the Ross Sea
  Bob ZUUR
  Newly established autonomous adaptive low-power instrument platform (AAL-PIP) chain on East Antarctic Plateau and operation
  Zhonghua XU, Michael D. HARTINGER, Robert CLAUER, Daniel WEIMER, Kshitija DESHPANDE, Hyomin KIM, Stephen MUSKO, Anna WILLER, Thomas EDWARDS, Shane COYLE, Yuxiang PENG, Dong LIN & John BOWMAN
  Very low biodiversity of top predators—seabirds and marine mammals—in the high Arctic Ocean
  Claude R. JOIRIS
  Methane increase over the Barents and Kara seas after the autumn pycnocline breakdown: satellite observations
  Leonid YURGANOV, Frank MULLER-KARGER & Ira LEIFER
  On the determination and simulation of seawater freezing point temperature under high pressure
  YAN Liangjun, WANG Zhaomin, LIU Chengyan & WU Yang
  Estimation of ice resistance and sensitivity analysis for an icebreaker
  FAN Tao, YU Chenfang & JIANG Yongxu
  Anomalous extensive landfast sea ice in the vicinity of Inexpressible Island, Antarctica
  ZHAI Mengxi, ZHAO Tiancheng, HUI Fengming, CHENG Xiao, LIU Aobo, YUAN Jiawei, YU Yining & DING Yifan