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Antarctic surveying, mapping and remote sensing is one of the important aspects of the Chinese Antarctic geoscience research program that stretch back over 25 years, since the first Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition (CHINARE) in 1984. During the 1980’s, the geodetic datum, height system and absolute gravity datum were established at the Great Wall and Zhongshan Stations. Significant contributions have been made by the construction of the Chinese Great Wall, Zhongshan and Kunlun Stations in Antarctica. Geodetic control and gravity networks were established in the King George Islands, Grove Mountains and Dome Argus. An area of more than 200 000 km2 has been mapped using satellite image data, aerial photogrammetry and in situ data. Permanent GPS stations and tide gauges have been established at both the Great Wall and Zhongshan Stations. Studies involving plate motion, precise satellite orbit determination, the gravity field, sea level change, and various GPS applications for atmospheric studies have been carried out. Based on remote sensing techniques, studies have been undertaken on ice sheet and glacier movements, the distributions of blue ice and ice crevasses, and ice mass balance. Polar digital and visual mapping techniques have been introduced, and a polar survey space database has been built. The Chinese polar scientific expedition management information system and Chinese PANDA plan display platform were developed, which provides technical support for Chinese polar management. Finally, this paper examines prospects for future Chinese Antarctic surveying, mapping and remote sensing.
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Auroral intensity ratios at Zhongshan Station in Antarctica on 8 April 1999 are studied, along with variations in penetrated
electron energy. Ratios of
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This study documents the horizontal distribution and demography of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba Dana), collected using trawls, from the Prydz Bay region during January 2002. Euphausia superba (E. superba) was distributed primarily south of 64°S. The average density and biomass were estimated as 68.85 ind·(1 000 m-3) and 24.16 g wet weight·(1 000 m-3), respectively. Highest values were located in the open sea (depth > 3 000 m). Body length of E. superba ranged from 30 to 55 mm (N=1 758), with a mean length of 38.45±3.68 mm (SD). The overall sex ratio was approximately 1∶1, 47.6% females (41.9% sub-adults and 5.7% adults), 46.6% males (42.7% sub-adults and 3.9% adults), while 5.8% were juveniles. The population structure of E. superba exhibited geographical variation. At stations in the western part of the survey area populations had a high proportion of juveniles, a lower sexual maturity stage for males and small body size, while the opposite was found at stations in the eastern part. A latitudinal difference was found at stations along 70.5°E and 73°E transects: body length was small and the sex ratio was high in regions of high latitude, while the opposite occurred in areas of low latitude.
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The basic environmental variables and adaptability of phytoplankton communities to low light and salinity were studied using incubation experiments in Kongsfjorden, a high Arctic fjord of Spitsbergen, in late summer 2006. Chlorophyll a concentrations were steady or decreased slightly in darkness after one day or one week incubation. Chlorophyll a concentrations showed an initial decline when exposed to natural light after one week incubation in darkness, and then increased significantly. In a salinity experiment, the maximal growth rate was observed at a dilution ratio of 10%, however, higher dilution ratios (≥40%) had an obvious negative effect on phytoplankton growth. We suggest that the phytoplankton communities in fjords in late summer are darkness adapted, and the inflow of glacial melt water is favorable for phytoplankton growth in the outer fjords where the influence of freshwater is limited.
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Ureilites share the characteristics of differentiated meteorites and of primary chondrites. GRV 024237 is a ureilite,
which was found in the 19th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition (CHINARE), at the No. 4 moraine, Grove Mountains, Antarctica. GRV 024237 consists mainly of coarse-grained olivine (60 vol%), pigeonite (30 vol%) and opaque minerals
(10 vol%). Tri-junction texture between olivine and pigeonite is common. Carbonaceous materials with minor amounts of troilite
and nickel-iron metal were observed as interstitial phases. The
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An annual cycle of atmospheric variations for 1989 in the Arctic has been simulated with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. A severe cold bias was found around a cold center in surface air temperature over the Arctic Ocean, compared with results from ERA-Interim reanalysis. Four successive numerical experiments have been carried out to find out the reasons for this. The results show that the sea ice albedo scheme has the biggest influence in summer, and the effect of the cloud microphysics scheme is significant in both summer and winter. The effect of phase transition between ice and water has the biggest influence over the region near the sea ice edge in summer, and contributes little to improvement of the severe cold bias. The original crude albedo parameterization in the surface process scheme is the main reason for the large simulated cold bias of the cold center in summer. With a different land surface scheme than in the control run, cold biases of simulated surface air temperature over the Arctic Ocean are greatly reduced, by as much as 10 K, implying that the land surface scheme is critical for polar climate simulation.
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Content analysis of scientific papers emanating from Antarctic science research during the 25 years period (1980— 2004) has been carried out using neural network based algorithm–CATPAC. A total of 10 942 research articles published in Science Citation Indexed (SCI) journals were used for the study. Normalized co-word matrix from 35 most-used significant words was used to study the semantic association between the words. Structural Equivalence blocks were constructed from these 35 most-used words. Four-block model solution was found to be optimum. The density table was dichotomized using the mean density of the table to derive the binary matrix, which was used to construct the network map. Network maps represent the thematic character of the blocks. The blocks showed preferred connection in establishing semantic relationship with the blocks, characterizing thematic composition of Antarctic science research. The analysis has provided an analytical framework for carrying out studies on the content of scientific articles. The paper has shown the utility of co-word analysis in highlighting the important areas of research in Antarctic science.
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Located on the centre of ice drainage range, the highest Dome Argus (Dome A) of East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS), could be represented as an ideal site for deep ice cores drilling containing oldest paleo-climate records. To select a suitable drilling site for deep ice core, it needs gather all information pertaining to the local meteorology, ice sheet landforms, ice thickness, subglacial topography of bed rocks, ice velocity, internal structures of ice sheet, etc. Based on the International Partnerships in Ice Core Sciences (IPICS), we present recent achievement of glaciological research and its perspective at Dome A in this paper. We systematically discussed the merits and possible ventures of potential drilling sites around Dome A. Among all the candidates, we find that the Chinese Antarctic Kunlun Station is the best site for carrying out the first deep ice core drilling campaign. We emphasize and assess further the possibility to obtain a replicate core for studying dynamics and evolution of climate change.
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